Having crossed several milestones in energy efficiency and sustainability, Indian cement industry is set to achieve the pinnacle.
Increasing competitive pressures, rising energy prices, coupled with stricter regulations for environmental protection are making energy efficiency and sustainable use of resources a top priority for the manufacturers in the recent years, and the cement industry is no exception.
Indian cement industry has already crossed several milestones on energy efficiency ans sustainability parameters. It has emerged as one of the most energy-efficient industry globally with the lowest carbon footprint in the world and it is among few large scale modern industries that do not produce any hazardous solid or liquid discharge, according to Cement Manufacturers’ Association (CMA).
But the icing on the cake has come from the Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) an initiative of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). In 2015 itself CSI had said, "The member companies from India are more efficient.
They emit less CO2 than the companies in Europe and the US. Their energy consumption is also less." The distinction between Indian firms from those in the US and Europe is technology. Indian companies use the latest technology since many of the cement plants are relatively new, CSI had said. CSI was then a 23-member organisation including nine Indian cement companies, including UltraTech Cement and Dalmia Bharat, and seven global companies with operations in India.
Since then the industry is taking a number of measures aimed at further improving its performance on parameters like specific heat consumption, setting up of waste recovery systems and use of alternate fuels. In fact, all these measures help the companies attain the GreenCo rating, where the core focus is on energy efficiency. For example, the industry has increased the Thermal Substitution Rate (TSR) through use of alternative fuels and raw materials to 4 per cent in 2017, from a meagre 0.6 per cent in 2014. Performance
The cement production process is quite energy intensive, both in terms of electrical and thermal energy consumption (E&TEC). There are plants in India that have achieved energy efficiency figures which are considerable to the world’s best. However, the presence of old plants with high specific energy consumption (SEC) brings down the average figures. Cement production involves the heating, calcining and sintering of blended and ground materials to form clicker. As a result, cement manufacturing is the third largest cause of man-made CO2 emissions due to the production of lime, the key ingredient in cement. Therefore, energy savings during cement production could lead to lower environmental impact.
Improvement in the cement industry’s energy efficiency and reduction of CO2 emissions could be mainly achieved through two procedures:
(i) By changes in the manufacturing and production processes, and
(ii) By adjusting the chemical composition of cement.
Improvement in manufacturing and production processes can be achieved by changing energy management processes and by investing in new equipment and/or upgrades. The same way, changes in the chemical formulation of cement have proved to save energy and reduce CO2 emissions. The same holds good for cement industry, which is a highly capital intensive and competitive sector with long economic lifetimes, making changes in the existing capital stock difficult.
"The average electrical energy consumption in India is around 90-95 kWh/tonne cement (OPC) whereas the best achievement is around 80 kWh/tonne cement (OPC). Similarly, average TEC is around 760 kcal/kg clinker, whereas the best figures achieved are around 680 kcal/ kg clinker. There is scope for reduction in both E&TEC in many of the cement plants in India," says PK Ghosh, Group Managing Director, Ercom Engineers.
The best achievable figures are generally observed for the larger scale plants in India using the state of the art technology when operating at or higher than design levels, Ghosh added.
The contribution of the various departments to power and heat consumption is given in the Table-1.PAT Scheme
Perform, Achieve & Trade (PAT) scheme of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), a market-based mechanism focused on reducing specific energy consumption – energy used per unit of production – in large industries, has managed to save a whopping Rs 47,185 crore in three years between 2012 and 2015 in the form of energy savings achieved on the back of robust implementation of energy efficiency measures. The scheme facilitates these large, energy-intensive industries to achieve their legal obligation under the Energy Conservation Act of 2001, while also motivating them with market-based incentives to reduce their energy use and surpass their individual energy saving targets.
A Government of India initiative, PAT’s first cycle covered 478 designated industries from 8 energy-intensive sectors – Aluminium, Cement, Chlor-alkali, Fertilizer, Iron and Steel, Pulp and Paper, Textiles and Thermal power plant. Together, these sectors account for around one-third of India’s primary energy consumption.
"The scheme resulted in saving of energy equivalent to 8.67 million tonnes of oil, exceeding the target of 6.86 million tonnes by about 30 per cent. This also resulted in avoided generation of about 5,635 MW of power, resulting in monetary savings of
Rs 37,685 crore. At the same time Rs 9,500 crore has been saved due to reduction in energy consumption," according to BEE.
The third PAT cycle was also notified from April 1, 2017 for 3 years including 116 new units with a reduction target of 1.06 MTOE. Key processes
The energy efficiency achieved is the result of optimisation between capital expenditure and reducing operating expenses.
Adoption of alternative fuels as a means of increasing cost competitiveness is gaining ground. But the industry has a long way to go before achieving 25% TSR. The Thermal Substitution Rate (TSR) in India has shown a very positive trend year on year, reaching a level of around 4 per cent in 2017. As indicated in the CII approach paper, India plans to achieve 25 per cent TSR by 2025. "In comparison to global standards, we are far behind as in many countries the substitution is in the range of 60-100 per cent," says Milind Murumkar, Advisor AFR, Vicat India.
Another way to reduce energy and process emissions in cement production is to blend cements with increased proportions of alternative (non-clinker) feed stocks, such as volcanic ash, granulated blast furnace slag from iron production, or fly ash from coal-fired power generation. Indian cement plants consume a quarter of the fly ash produced in the country annually, according to CMA. For the long run, cement industry lacks a viable carbon-free alternative, and the IEA suggested scenarios imply a heavy reliance on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) cement kilns with xy-fuelling. Waste heat recovery systems are expected to play a much bigger role as more of it gets tapped. "In case of specific heat consumption, approximately 20 per cent losses are through preheater exhaust gases, 12 per cent are through cooler exhaust gases and around 4-5 per cent are radiation losses (for 6 stage preheater – precalciner system with the state-of-the-art cooler), says Ghosh.
The cement grinding department and the raw material grinding are the major consumers of electrical energy. The material transport systems have also to be looked in to ensure that the power consumption is lowered.
Ghosh of Ercom says, "The implementation of MIS (management Information systems) like SAP helps in keeping track of key performance indicators. Management is able to monitor both plant operations and the productivity in a continuous manner for achieving energy efficiency targets."
When comparing the state of the art technologies in terms of sustainability, suitability, performance, robustness, cost-efficiency, patent restrictions (availability), and competence requirements, it can be expected that at least in the short term cement companies are going to be based on pyro processing and grinding mills.
Having tasted the fruits of energy efficiency measures over the recent years, and development of a host of case studies highlighting several achievements and sustainable development, the Indian cement industry is set to reach the pinnacle in energy efficiency in the world.Underutilisation and Energy Efficiency
Consider a Cement manufacturing unit which is designed for clinkerisation capacity of 5000 tpd (tonnes per day) and correspondingly OPC of 5250 tpd for the sake of this discussion.
The specific heat consumption of this precalciner kiln will lie in range of 695-700 kcal/ kg clinker at the design capacity. The operating temperatures for calcination (900-950oC) and clinkerisation (1350-1400oC) will be the same irrespective of the operating level. The gas and material temperatures in the preheater stages will also to be maintained at similar levels. As a result, the total heat loss due to radiation will remain the same at all production levels. This will cause a higher specific heat consumption for lower than design operating levels as depicted in Figure 1.
The specific electrical energy consumption is around 90 kWh/t of Cement (OPC). The electrical drives, the fans and the HT motors are also designed to have maximum efficiency at their design operating levels. As a result, they will have suboptimum energy consumptions at lower than design production levels. This is depicted in Figure 2.
One of the ways to take care of underutilisation is by operating at design capacities and keeping the plant idle for extended periods of time. This may be feasible for those plants with multiple Pyro processing lines. At 80% annual production, the plant can be shut down for a total of 2 more months, and at 70% there are 3 extra months of shut down. However, the clinker storage section will be a constraint for this mode of operation.
Increased number of kiln shutdowns leads to wastage of heat during kiln cool down and start-up. The refractory life also reduced even though these shutdowns are planned. There are maintenance issues if the equipment has extended idle times.
Hence most plants settle for a production level which helps them meet the demands of the market while continuing to keep the kiln under operation for extended levels of time. However, it is important to note that there is a minimum turndown level, below which gas velocities in cyclones will reduce to a value which will not support the efficient heat transfer in the preheater and affect the gas-solid reaction in the calciner.– P. K. Ghosh, Group Managing Director,
Ercom Engineers
Indian Cement Review (ICR) and Fuller Technologies brought industry, policy and technology leaders together to discuss how cement innovation can drive green construction at scale, writes Rakesh Rao.
India is building at a pace few countries can match. Highways, airports, housing, logistics parks, industrial corridors and urban infrastructure are reshaping the country’s economic geography. But beneath this growth story lies a difficult question: can India continue to build at scale without locking itself into a high-carbon future?
That question formed the core of an online panel discussion titled “Driving Green Construction Through Cement Innovation”, organised by Indian Cement Review (ICR) in association with Fuller Technologies as the Presenting Partner on June 25, 2026. The webinar brought together experts from cement technology, R&D, global industry platforms, building performance policy and international development cooperation to examine how low-carbon cement and material innovation can accelerate India’s green construction transition.
The discussion came at a crucial time. India has committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070 and reducing the carbon intensity of its economy by 45 per cent by 2030. At the same time, the country’s construction sector is expanding rapidly, driven by urbanisation, infrastructure development, housing demand and industrial growth. Cement, as one of the most widely used construction materials, sits at the heart of this transition. It is indispensable to development, but also central to the challenge of reducing embodied carbon in buildings and infrastructure.
Moderated by Nitika Krishan, Senior Urban Infrastructure and Sustainable Policy Consultant, the panel featured:
Dr Hemantkumar Aiyer, VP and Head R&D, Nuvoco Vistas Corp Ltd;
Devika Wattal, Innovation Lead, Global Cement and Concrete Association (GCCA);
Dr Sunita Purushottam, MD, GBPN India (Global Buildings Performance Network); and
Vaibhav Rathi, Senior Technical Advisor, GIZ (the German Agency for International Cooperation)
Setting the tone for the discussion, Nitika Krishan underlined the scale of the challenge before the sector. “The question before us is no longer whether we build, but how we build sustainably,” she said. She pointed out that construction accounts for nearly 40 per cent of global energy-related carbon emissions when both operational and embodied carbon are considered. Cement production, she added, remains one of the hardest industrial processes to decarbonise.
For India, this is not merely an environmental issue. It is a development issue, a competitiveness issue and increasingly, a market issue. As one of the world’s largest cement producers and among the fastest-growing construction markets, India’s material choices will influence the carbon trajectory of its built environment for decades. As Krishan observed, sustainability solutions in economies such as India must not remain limited to laboratory success. They must be scalable, commercially viable and practical at national level.
The innovation gap: From technology to market
Experts believe that there is a need to bridge the innovation gaps for making decarbonisation in cement and concrete scalable. Devika Wattal of GCCA, explained, “The starting point must be the core cement manufacturing process itself. The first and foremost is the heart of our process, the heart of cement manufacturing. How do we reduce clinker? That is always a topic where industry is working very intrinsically.”
Clinker reduction remains one of the most important pathways for lowering emissions in cement. Since clinker production is energy-intensive and chemically emits carbon dioxide, reducing the clinker factor through supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), blended cements and new chemistries can have a significant impact. Wattal also noted that carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) will have a role, though it may not be the first lever for all markets.
However, she stressed that innovation cannot stop at technology development. A solution that works in the lab must also be adaptable to industry, scalable in production and acceptable in construction practice. “It is important for that innovation to be adaptable, to be scalable, and so that it can be executed in real time,” she said.
Wattal also called for stronger enabling systems around innovation. These include performance-based standards, product-level embodied carbon databases and clearer frameworks for evaluating green materials. Without these, low-carbon cement products may struggle to compete with conventional materials in procurement and design.
R&D must balance carbon, cost and performance
Bringing in the R&D perspective into the discussion, Dr Hemantkumar Aiyer of Nuvoco Vistas emphasised that low-carbon cement development cannot be treated as a single-variable exercise. Cement must perform in real construction conditions. It must deliver strength, durability, consistency and cost competitiveness, while also reducing carbon.
“The root of understanding and balancing all these aspects lies in materials, and knowing the materials,” he said.
According to Dr Aiyer, R&D teams must understand the variability of raw materials such as fly ash, slag and clinker. Different sources produce different material behaviours. This makes mix optimisation, material characterisation and processing-property relationships critical. When performance is affected, cement manufacturers must understand how strength enhancers, admixtures and other performance chemicals interact with the material system.
He also linked material science with process efficiency. Clinkerisation takes place at extremely high temperatures, around 1,400 to 1,450 degrees Celsius. Any improvement in raw mix design, process control or energy optimisation can, therefore, help reduce emissions and cost. Dr Aiyer pointed to artificial intelligence-based optimisation, Cement 4.0 tools and advanced software as important enablers for real-time process and material control.
“The more you understand the materials, the more you can control it,” he said.
LC3: The promise is proven, the sequencing is not
Limestone calcined clay cement, commonly referred to as LC3, has attracted global attention because it can reduce clinker content significantly by using calcined clay and limestone while maintaining performance in many applications. Kiranmai Sanagavarapu of Fuller Technologies said the technology itself has already moved beyond proof of concept. Fuller Technologies has worked with calcined clay technology for nearly two decades and has seen plants running in France and Ghana. These plants, she said, are meeting local and national specifications, while the economics are beginning to make sense.
“The calciner is performing, the economics is stacking up, it is making business sense to produce,” she said.
But if the technology is viable, why has adoption not scaled faster? For Sanagavarapu, the answer lies in project sequencing. Too often, clay characterisation happens after equipment is specified. This, she warned, is a backward approach because calciner design depends on clay mineralogy, kaolinite content, iron levels, reactivity, moisture and other variables.
“If you don’t know what your deposit looks like before you commit for the equipment, you are, in a way, going blind into designing,” she said.
She also identified permitting and plant integration as major bottlenecks. Environmental clearances, mining permissions and local regulatory approvals must begin early. Similarly, calcined clay must be integrated into existing grinding, blending and logistics systems from the design stage, not treated as an afterthought during commissioning.
India already has IS 18189:2023 standard for LC3, but Sanagavarapu pointed out that the standard is not yet visible enough in procurement documents. “The gap between what is technically being permitted and what the procurement is asking is the single biggest bottleneck,” she said.
In her view, successful scale-up depends on getting the sequence right: clay characterisation first, permitting in parallel, standards aligned with construction, and integration built into plant design.
India’s LC3 journey: Progress, but demand remains thin
Providing details of India’s LC3 commercialisation experience, Vaibhav Rathi of GIZ noted that JK Cement carried out the first commercial production of LC3 at its Rajasthan plant, followed by JK Lakshmi Cement three months later. These initiatives were supported by the International Climate Initiative of the Government of Germany, with IIT Delhi contributing deep institutional knowledge on LC3 research and BIS certification.
Rathi said India’s early experience has produced clear lessons. One of the biggest was the need to build capacity among regulators. While BIS certification existed, State Pollution Control Boards were unfamiliar with the technology and unsure about the approval pathway.
“The capacity building is not just needed amongst the producer and the users of the cement, but also the regulators who are working with this technology for the first time,” he said.
He also highlighted the need for better information on China clay deposits. Since China clay is currently classified as a minor mineral, centralised data on availability, quality and location is limited. If cement manufacturers are to adopt LC3 at scale, stronger mineral intelligence will be important.
The third issue is demand. LC3 has already been used in projects such as Palava City in Mumbai and Noida International Airport, but these remain limited examples. “It is in a chicken and egg situation,” Rathi said. “Cement companies are saying we need more demand, and users are saying there is not enough cement available.”
Public procurement, he suggested, could help break this cycle. If agencies such as CPWD and other public bodies begin testing, accepting and specifying LC3, it could create the market confidence needed for cement companies to invest in production and storage.
Building codes must catch up with innovation
Dr Sunita Purushottam of GBPN India argued that material choices will determine built environment emissions over the long term, but India’s current policy signals remain fragmented. Although LC3 has received BIS recognition, she pointed out that building codes, municipal bylaws, schedules of rates and sustainability codes do not yet provide uniform guidance on low-carbon cement.
“The current cement regulations are largely prescriptive and favouring traditional materials,” she said. This limits the ability of alternative materials to compete on performance, durability and emissions.
Dr Purushottam also raised the issue of taxation. Cement, including LC3, currently falls under the same GST bracket as conventional cement. A differentiated tax structure, she argued, could help accelerate market adoption. “In order for the market to demand LC3, that differentiation in the GST could go a long way,” she said.
She noted that green building certifications such as IGBC and GRIHA are already creating demand for low-carbon materials by assigning points for embodied carbon and sustainable material use. However, she said large-scale adoption will require regulatory mandates, particularly through building codes and state-level notifications.
She also cautioned that low-carbon cement alone does not solve the entire building performance problem. A material may reduce embodied carbon, but the operational carbon of a building depends on thermal performance, design, insulation and energy use. “The energy part has two elements,” she said. “One is the embodied carbon of the material itself, and the other is the operational carbon.”
Collaboration is the bridge between invention and impact
Wattal said GCCA sees innovation as a strategic priority and works through platforms that connect industry with academia and start-ups. “There is no way we will decarbonise our sector without innovation,” she said.
However, she stressed that research must be connected to actual industry challenges. Innovations developed in isolation may fail when they encounter real-world barriers such as raw material variability, plant integration, cost, standards and finance. Start-ups, too, need industry mentorship and scale-up pathways.
Wattal also flagged the importance of finance. Even strong technologies may struggle to attract investment if there is no common understanding of bankability. “We have always put projects into, is this a bankable project? But the definition of a bankable project has never been defined,” she said.
For India, she saw strong potential in its academic and start-up ecosystem, but said the challenge lies in alignment and prioritisation. The country has the research base, industrial capacity and market size. What it now needs is a coordinated route from innovation to deployment.
There is a practical concern for cement manufacturers: how can existing plants be adapted for lower emissions without compromising reliability or commercial viability?
Kiranmai Sanagavarapu addressed, “The reliability risk in calcined clay retrofit is definitely real, but it is almost always self-inflicted. The risk arises when a new process is added to an existing circuit without properly redesigning grinding and blending configurations.”
Existing cement plants, she explained, can take two broad routes. The first is external sourcing of calcined clay combined with mill optimisation. This requires lower capital investment and can potentially move in 12 to 18 months if other conditions are in place. It may reduce emissions by around 20 to 30 per cent. The second route is integrated calcination on site, which requires higher capital expenditure and longer lead times, but provides greater control over quality, supply and emissions reduction potential.
For Sanagavarapu, the principle is simple: low-carbon retrofits must be designed with intent. “Design it with an intent properly from the start. Start in the market conditions where the economics are already working,” she said.
Circularity: The overlooked advantage
According to Vaibhav Rathi, fly ash and slag are already well established in cement and construction (C&D), but construction and demolition waste remains underutilised. “C&D waste is a growing business opportunity which not many have taken up,” he said. India’s continuous construction and demolition activity creates huge volumes of waste, much of which contributes to air pollution, land degradation and material inefficiency. With the right processing and standards, this waste can be converted into useful construction products.
Rathi also pointed out that LC3 has a circular economy dimension that is often overlooked. It can use low-grade kaolin-rich clay left behind after high-grade clay is extracted for other applications. “LC3 is not only a low-carbon solution, but also a circular economy solution,” he said.
At the same time, he cautioned that LC3 in India is not yet cheap because it has not reached scale. Site-specific techno-commercial feasibility studies, supported jointly by development agencies and industry, could help companies assess whether LC3 production makes technical and financial sense at a given location.
Dr Purushottam added that India must address both low-carbon cement and construction waste together. “Both low-carbon cement and C&D waste go hand in hand. India does not have an option but to work on both,” she said.
Dr Aiyer called for policy shifts from both government and industry, including preferential purchasing of sustainable materials, minimum supplementary cementitious material requirements in public and public-private projects, and faster regulatory implementation. “If we can fast-track the regulatory standards and their implementation on the ground, that is the way to go,” he said.
From green ambition to green construction
Cement innovation is no longer only about chemistry. It is about systems. Low-carbon cement will scale only when technology, standards, procurement, finance, regulation, education and construction practice move together.
LC3 and other low-carbon technologies have shown promise. India has early commercial examples, strong research capability and growing market interest. But mainstream adoption will depend on whether demand can be created, regulators can be capacitated, standards can be embedded in procurement, and manufacturers can see a clear business case.
For a country building at India’s scale, the opportunity is enormous. Cement will continue to be central to infrastructure and urban development. The challenge now is to ensure that the cement used in India’s growth story carries a lower carbon burden.
Rakesh Rao
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Specialised rail logistics will move fly ash from power plants to infrastructure industries.
New Delhi
Indian Railways is planning a large-scale green logistics initiative to transport fly ash from thermal power plants to industries where it can be reused in infrastructure and construction activities.
The initiative was discussed during a review meeting chaired by Union Minister for Railways Ashwini Vaishnaw. Union Ministers of State for Railways V Somanna and Ravneet Singh Bittu were also present.
India generates nearly 340 million tonnes of fly ash every year from thermal power plants. The proposed initiative aims to create an efficient rail-based transport system using specialised containers and dedicated logistics arrangements to move fly ash safely from power plants to end-use industries.
Fly ash is widely used in road construction, cement manufacturing, brick production, concrete, blocks and boards. By improving its movement through the railway network, the initiative is expected to support better utilisation of this industrial by-product while reducing environmental concerns linked to storage and disposal.
The move also aligns with India’s circular economy goals by converting waste from thermal power generation into a useful raw material for the construction and infrastructure sectors. Wider availability of fly ash can help reduce material costs in areas such as bricks and cement, supporting more affordable infrastructure and housing development.
Through this initiative, Indian Railways aims to provide a cleaner, safer and more organised transport solution for fly ash, turning an environmental challenge into an infrastructure resource.
Gears, drives, and motors have evolved from essential mechanical components into strategic enablers of reliability, efficiency, and sustainability in modern cement plants. ICR explores how advanced motion technologies, predictive maintenance, digitalisation, and intelligent drive systems are helping cement manufacturers reduce downtime, optimise energy use, and build future-ready operations.
As the Indian cement industry prepares for another phase of capacity expansion, the focus is shifting from merely increasing production volumes to improving operational efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. According to industry estimates, India is expected to add nearly 160–170 million tonnes of cement capacity between FY26 and FY28, driven by infrastructure investments, urbanisation, and housing demand. In this environment, gears, drives, and motors have emerged as critical enablers of productivity, forming the backbone of every major process from raw material extraction and grinding to clinker production and cement dispatch. Motors alone account for nearly 60 per cent to 70 per cent of industrial electricity consumption globally, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA), while rotating equipment failures remain among the leading causes of unplanned downtime across heavy industries. In cement plants, where equipment operates under high loads, extreme dust conditions, elevated temperatures, and continuous-duty cycles, the performance of gears, drives, and motors directly influences energy consumption, maintenance costs, plant availability, and overall profitability. As digitalisation and Industry 4.0 technologies gain momentum, these systems are evolving from passive mechanical components into intelligent assets capable of delivering real-time operational insights.
Why gears, drives, and motors are the backbone of cement plant operations Every major process in a cement plant depends on the seamless operation of gears, drives, and motors. Raw mills, vertical roller mills, crushers, kiln drives, conveyor systems, fans, and clinker coolers all rely on rotating equipment to maintain continuous production. A failure in any one of these systems can disrupt entire process chains, highlighting their strategic importance. Modern cement plants process thousands of tonnes of material daily, requiring equipment capable of transmitting enormous torque while maintaining precision and reliability. Kiln drives and grinding systems, in particular, operate under some of the highest mechanical loads found in industrial manufacturing. The ability of gears and motors to withstand these conditions directly impacts plant throughput and production stability. Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement says, “Effective lubrication management remains one of the most critical factors in extending the lifespan of cement plant drive systems. Proper lubrication, supported by regular oil analysis, vibration diagnostics, and condition monitoring, helps minimise wear, prevent unexpected failures, and maintain the integrity of critical components such as gearboxes, motors, and drive assemblies. By identifying potential issues at an early stage, plants can move from reactive maintenance to a more proactive and reliability-focused approach.” “Smart motors, intelligent drives, and next-generation gearboxes are set to redefine cement plant maintenance and performance. Equipped with embedded sensors, IoT connectivity, digital twins, and AI-driven diagnostics, these technologies enable real-time condition monitoring, predictive maintenance, and seamless digital integration. As the industry embraces Industry 4.0, smart drive systems will play a pivotal role in improving energy efficiency, reducing downtime, and optimising asset performance across the cement manufacturing value chain” he adds. Industry studies suggest that rotating equipment accounts for a significant proportion of maintenance expenditure in process industries. Effective design, selection, and maintenance of gears, drives, and motors therefore have a direct influence on asset utilisation, operational efficiency, and total cost of ownership.
The cost of downtime: reliability challenges in rotating equipment Unplanned downtime remains one of the most expensive challenges facing cement manufacturers. Industry estimates indicate that a major failure involving a critical gearbox, kiln drive, or grinding mill can result in production losses running into lakhs of rupees per hour, depending on plant capacity and operating conditions. Sanjeev Arora, President – Motion Business & IEC LV Motors Division, ABB India says, “One of the most significant shifts taking place in industrial decision-making today is moving away from evaluating equipment based solely on upfront capital cost toward understanding total cost of ownership (TCO). In a typical motor system, the purchase price often represents only a small fraction of the total lifecycle cost however energy consumption, maintenance requirements, downtime and operating efficiency account for the vast majority of long-term operational expenses. For cement manufacturers operating in highly competitive markets, this distinction is critical.” “A high efficiency motor paired with an appropriately configured variable speed drive may require a higher initial investment, but the long-term benefits are substantial. Reduced electricity consumption, lower maintenance needs, longer service intervals and improved process stability can deliver faster payback and stronger profitability over time” he adds. Cement plants present a particularly challenging environment for rotating equipment. Dust ingress, thermal fluctuations, shock loads, vibration, shaft misalignment, and lubrication contamination contribute significantly to equipment degradation. Studies by SKF indicate that nearly 50 per cent of bearing failures are linked to lubrication issues and contamination, while improper alignment and vibration-related problems remain leading causes of gearbox and motor failures.
Energy-efficient motors and drives: unlocking operational savings Energy is one of the largest operating expenses for cement manufacturers, often accounting for 25 per cent to 35 per cent of total production costs. Grinding operations alone can consume nearly 60 per cent to 70 per cent of a plant’s electrical energy, making energy-efficient motors and drives a strategic investment. According to the International Energy Agency, high-efficiency motors combined with Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) can reduce energy consumption by 20 per cent to 30 per cent in suitable applications. By matching motor speed and torque to actual process requirements, VFDs minimise unnecessary power consumption while reducing mechanical stress on equipment, improving both efficiency and reliability.
Advances in gearbox design and power transmission technologies Modern gearbox technology has evolved significantly in response to the increasing demands of cement manufacturing. Advanced materials, case-hardened gears, optimised tooth profiles, improved surface finishing, and enhanced lubrication systems are helping reduce friction, wear, and thermal loading. Girish Hanchate, Director – Industrial Market, India SKF India (Industrial) says, “Smart diagnostics are significantly improving the lifecycle of gears, motors, and other rotating equipment by enabling a shift from reactive maintenance to condition-based asset management. Hidden issues such as vibration anomalies, bearing defects, misalignment, and temperature fluctuations can quietly reduce plant throughput by 10 per cent to 20 per cent while increasing energy consumption long before a breakdown occurs. By leveraging advanced sensors, predictive analytics, machine learning, and real-time monitoring of vibration, temperature, and motor current, cement manufacturers can detect developing faults early, optimise maintenance schedules, and prevent costly secondary damage. This not only improves reliability but also supports energy efficiency and sustainability objectives.” “The next major evolution in drive and bearing technology lies in the development of fully integrated smart mechanical ecosystems that combine high-performance bearings, advanced lubrication management, and digital intelligence. Sensor-enabled condition monitoring embedded directly within bearings and drive systems allows operators to capture critical operational data at the source, enabling predictive maintenance and real-time performance optimisation. Innovations such as SKF’s VA9A1 Spherical Roller Bearing series, engineered specifically for demanding cement applications such as crushers and kilns, demonstrate this trend. By increasing internal bearing space and optimising lubricant flow, these designs improve grease retention, reduce wear, minimise downtime, and create more resilient, energy-efficient rotating equipment systems for the future of cement manufacturing” he adds. Manufacturers are increasingly focusing on compact, high-torque gearbox designs capable of delivering higher power density while maintaining service life. Innovations such as condition-monitored gear systems, improved sealing technologies, and modular gearbox architectures are simplifying maintenance while enhancing operational reliability.
Predictive maintenance, condition monitoring, and asset health management The shift from reactive to predictive maintenance is transforming asset management across the cement industry. Technologies such as vibration monitoring, thermography, oil analysis, ultrasound testing, and motor current signature analysis are enabling operators to identify potential failures before they occur. Research by Deloitte suggests that predictive maintenance can reduce breakdowns by up to 70 per cent and lower maintenance costs by 25 per cent. In cement plants, where shutdown windows are limited and equipment operates continuously, predictive maintenance offers a powerful tool for improving reliability and extending asset life. Digitalisation, industry 4.0, and the rise of intelligent drive systems Industry 4.0 technologies are redefining the role of gears, drives, and motors. Smart sensors embedded within motors, bearings, and gear systems can continuously monitor temperature, vibration, load, lubrication condition, and energy consumption. Girish Hanchate says, “As the industry embraces automation, sustainability, and digital transformation, the importance of intelligent motion technologies will continue to grow. The convergence of advanced engineering, predictive maintenance, and Industry 4.0 solutions is creating a new generation of cement plants where reliability, efficiency, and sustainability work together to deliver long-term value. For cement manufacturers navigating increasing production demands and environmental expectations, investing in smarter gears, drives, and motors is no longer optional—it is a business imperative.” Cloud-based monitoring platforms and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) architectures enable maintenance teams to access equipment health data remotely, improving visibility across geographically dispersed operations. Advanced analytics and artificial intelligence are further enhancing fault detection capabilities, enabling more accurate maintenance planning. The emergence of digital twins represents another significant development. By creating virtual replicas of physical assets, operators can simulate operating conditions, predict failures, optimise maintenance schedules, and improve lifecycle management decisions. These technologies are helping transform rotating equipment into intelligent assets that actively contribute to operational decision-making.
Building future-ready cement plants through smart motion technologies The future of cement manufacturing will depend heavily on the ability to integrate mechanical reliability with digital intelligence. Smart motion technologies combine high-efficiency motors, intelligent drives, condition monitoring systems, and automation platforms to create more responsive and efficient operations. Sustainability goals are also accelerating investment in advanced motion technologies. Reduced energy consumption, improved equipment efficiency, and extended asset life contribute directly to lower carbon emissions and reduced resource consumption. These benefits align closely with the industry’s decarbonisation objectives. As capacity expansions continue across India, future-ready cement plants will increasingly prioritise reliability, flexibility, and data-driven decision-making. Organisations that successfully integrate smart motion technologies into their operations will be better positioned to reduce costs, improve productivity, and maintain a competitive advantage in a rapidly evolving market.
Conclusion Gears, drives, and motors are no longer viewed solely as mechanical components; they have become strategic assets that influence every aspect of cement plant performance. Their reliability affects production continuity, their efficiency impacts operating costs, and their digital capabilities increasingly shape maintenance and operational strategies.
