Economy & Market

HOUSING FOR ALL

Published

8 years ago

December 30, 2017

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What’s in store for cement?
Analysts across spectrum estimate that if only 25 per cent of houses are substituted, then the total incremental cement requirement per annum will be around 10 MT.
Housing for All by 2022 (HFA-22) is the flagship project of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. President Pranab Mukherjee, in his address to the joint session of Parliament on June 9, 2014, had announced that "by the time the nation completes 75 years of its independence, every family will have a pucca (permanent) house with water connection, toilet facility, 24×7 electricity supply and access". In order to achieve this objective, the central government launched a comprehensive scheme called Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) – HFA-22. The scheme received cabinet approval in June 2015, and since then has been taking shape for faster execution.
Based on the recent activities of the government, industry experts believe the scheme is finally picking up pace and there may be a big jump in execution than what it was witnessed in the past. In this story, ICR has analysed the construction target of the government, likelihood of actual construction versus target and what is in store for the cement sector if the scheme is implemented on time. The story also analyses which states stand to benefit from this scheme and in turn which cement companies will be the beneficiaries.Increase in demand
Analysts expect incremental cement demand at 3.76 per cent per annum from the ‘Housing for All’ scheme. Based on the calculations in respect of total investment and number of housing units to be constructed under the scheme, cement players expect incremental cement demand to the extent of around 10 MT to be generated, translating into a growth of 3.76 per cent per annum. However, given the fact that cement demand growth of only 4 per cent to 5 per cent coming in from normal housing and infrastructure segments, the total cement demand growth is unlikely to touch double digits despite assumption of full scale implementation of ‘Housing for All’ scheme. Therefore, while the contribution from ‘Housing for All’ scheme is significant, it will not help the cement industry to achieve higher capacity utilisation by FY20.
To this, Pushpraj Singh, Chief Marketing Officer, JSW Cement, says, "On the back of ‘Housing For All’ scheme, we expect cement growth of about 7 to 8 per cent in the times to come." He added: "So if you see the CAGR of the industry, it has not been positive. It has been almost stabilised at whatever level it was for the last five years in South. If you look at the Eastern and the Northern regions, there has been significant growth. Combined, we expect about 6 to 7 per cent growth in the overall cement market in India."Technology
Since affordable housing require fast pace work completion, in this situation, Manju Yagnik, Vice Chairperson, Nahar Group, suggests precast construction as a cost-effective method for affordable housing. "It’s a fast and sustainable building technology for large housing projects that doesn’t compromise on quality," Yagnik says. Precast is a standard building system based on ready-made, factory-manufactured elements and intelligent connections. It provides how to style and construct an ample range of appropriate homes to fulfill the requirements of city dwellers in an exceedingly affordable timeframe and at an affordable price. Such new technologies will help boost the supply faster for affordable housing at a reasonable price. Ashok Mohanani, Chairman and Managing Director, Ekta World, believes that Indian property developers are adopting international strategies like pre-fabricated construction, dry-wall techniques, and slip-form construction for quick development. However, he thinks there’s a need to cut back the value of procurement of recent technological instruments and alternative products and materials. "Value engineering and rationalisation of the overhead costs can facilitate the sector vastly in bringing down the value of affordable housing units," he suggests. 32 million housing units on the card
The government had earlier constituted a technical group to ascertain actual urban housing shortfall in India. In a report published in 2012, the group estimated urban housing shortage at 18.8 million units. For the rural segment, the government recently outlined a scheme wherein it will build 13.2 million houses with the help of state governments and some contribution from the beneficiaries. This adds up to total housing requirement of around 32 million dwelling units (DU) by 2022. Meanwhile, total investment of $246 billion to achieve HFA-22 objectives, which means much higher private sector participation is required.What’s in for the cement sector?
Nirmal Bang, an equity research company based in Mumbai, assumed of
32 million units with an average area of Rs 400 per sq ft at an average construction cost of Rs 250 per sq ft. Nirmal Bang has estimated how much incremental cement demand HFA-22 can generate. The method they have used is based on the total investment and cement intensity of the project. Real estate developers that they connected believe that each housing unit will cost on an average Rs 1,250 per sq ft. Out of this, total construction cost is Rs 700 per sq ft and cement cost is
Rs 100 per sq ft. This tallies with general cement requirement of 20 kg per sq ft for construction of individual housing units. The key challenge in estimating the incremental cement demand and to understand how much this HFA- 22 construction will substitute individual house building in the country. Even if industry estimates that if only 25 per cent of houses are substituted, then total incremental cement requirement per annum will be 10 MT. This is a sizable addition to cement demand at 3.76 per cent.
However, ICICI Securities estimates differ from Nirmal Bang. As per ICICI Securities, even if one estimates only 20 per cent of houses to be constructed under PMAY get completed by 2022, assuming average size of the house 270 sq ft and 18 kg of cement requirement per square feet, it will give total cement requirement of approximately 27 MT by FY22.Companies to benefit
Based on the earlier success of housing construction, analysts believe that PMAY – rural has more potential in states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. Cement companies with higher exposure in the eastern and central regions (like UltraTech Cement, Shree Cement, Dalmia Cement and Birla Corporation) will benefit from the same. Under PMAY – urban scheme, states like Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra will stand to benefit. Companies with higher exposure to the southern region (like Dalmia Cement, Ramco Cements and India Cements) will benefit from the same.
It is expected that the share of infrastructure in overall cement demand would increase from the current 18-20 per cent to 22-24 per cent over the next five years, led by increased government spend. Over the last few years, weak macroeconomic environment along with several regulatory issues have impacted spending on infrastructure. However, increase in project announcement along with pick-up in execution suggests a sign of revival in the sector.
In addition, with general elections approaching in the next 18 months, it is expected that the project execution pace to improve further. Within infrastructure spends, industry expect roads and highways, railways, metros, airports, irrigation and urban infrastructure to drive higher growth. Analysts estimate a huge 160-190 MT potential cement demand from planned government infrastructure projects.
That said, India’s 17 states are expected to go for assembly election by FY20, which has likely consumed approximately 142 MT (around 50 per cent of cement demand) of cement in FY17. Five states in FY19 and nine states in FY20 are expected to go for state election.The disparity
Housing shortage in India is experienced by lower income group, which makes subsidy model redundant Housing schemes in the past have failed as the subsidy model doesn’t work, because the income level of homeless people is so low that they cannot afford to build a house even with the help of subsidy from the government. Based on studies conducted by the government, the housing need arises from the congestion in the house rather than homelessness.
Based on the government studies, around 80 per cent of total requirement comes from congestion in the house, which means the number of married couples in the house is more than the number of rooms available. This is a common phenomenon in urban areas, and because of the same, slum redevelopment projects take a huge time to take off as the density of population living in the area is high.
Moreover, the studies further highlight that 96 per cent of total requirement is from people coming under economic weaker section and lower income group categories. The definition of economic weaker section then was household with income below
Rs 5,000 per month and the same for lower income group was income between
Rs 5,000 to Rs 10,000 per month. This clearly shows that interest subvention scheme is not likely to address the housing problem as the income bracket of population facing housing shortage will have affordability issues.Progress of PMAY
As of now, 35 MoAs have been signed with 30 states and 5 union territories;
4,317 cities (472 Class I cities) have been selected in 35 states and union territories for inclusion under the scheme. Till now, the government has considered 7,474 projects for construction of 37 lakh houses for the economic weaker section in 35 states and union territories involving central assistance of Rs 2 lakh crore.
Meanwhile, of the Rs 57,000 crore central assistance, Rs 13,149 crore as a part of the first installment has been released to the concerned states against approved projects. As per the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, at present only 3 lakh dwelling units have been constructed so far and another around 13 lakh housing units are under construction.
The industry has added cement capacities at 10.2 per cent CAGR over past decade; while demand clocked about 6.2 per cent CAGR. This has led to increase in surplus capacities from 34 MT (14 per cent of total capacity) in FY10 to 129 MT (31 per cent of capacity) in FY17. Utilisation levels also declined from peak of 98 per cent in FY07 to 69 per cent by FY17. Krupal Maniar, CFA, ICICI Securities, believes that up-cycle would be slow, gradual and elongated as we expect capacity addition at 3-4 per cent CAGR over next five to six years.
Increasing greenfield plant capex cost and rising entry barriers (like mine auction, regulatory clearances) are unlikely to push supply additions significantly. ICICI Securities expect cement demand to clock approximately 6 per cent CAGR (still lower than/in-line with GDP growth), resulting in gradual but steady improvement in utilisations over next five to six years. The Government focus on rural economy and higher infrastructure spends is likely to improve demand for the sector. Accordingly, Dharmesh Shah, Research Analyst, ICICI Securities, says "we expect utilisation to improve gradually by 500 bps to 74 per cent in FY20E."More M&A deals in the offing
The cement industry has seen some consolidation in recent years due to rising overcapacity, longer gestation periods (in securing various government/environment clearances, acquiring land), higher costs (elevated land costs) and issues relating to debt servicing. Some of the key deals have been UTCEM acquisition of JPA cement assets, Nirma’s acquisition of Lafarge cement business in India, and Birla Corp’s acquisition of Reliance Cement. The due diligence for ACC-ACEM merger is also on. Binani Cement and Murli Industries are under NCLT restructuring with Dalmia Bharat recently announcing the acquisition of Murli Industries.– RAHUL KAMAT

Economy & Market

SEW-EURODRIVE India Opens Drive Technology Centre in Chennai

Published

2 weeks ago

March 25, 2026

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The new facility strengthens SEW-EURODRIVE India’s manufacturing, assembly and service capabilities

SEW-EURODRIVE India has inaugurated a new Drive Technology Centre (DTC) in Chennai, marking a significant expansion of its manufacturing and service infrastructure in South India. The facility is positioned to enhance the company’s responsiveness and long-term support capabilities for customers across southern and eastern regions of the country.

Built across 12.27 acres, the facility includes a 21,350-square-metre assembly and service setup designed to support future industrial growth, evolving application requirements and capacity expansion. The centre reflects the company’s long-term strategy in India, combining global engineering practices with local manufacturing and service capabilities.

The new facility has been developed in line with green building standards and incorporates sustainable features such as natural daylight utilisation, solar power generation and rainwater harvesting systems. The company has also implemented energy-efficient construction and advanced climate control systems that help reduce shopfloor temperatures by up to 3°C, improving production stability, product quality and working conditions.

A key highlight of the centre is the 15,000-square-metre assembly shop, which features digitisation-ready assembly cells based on a single-piece flow manufacturing concept. The facility also houses SEW-EURODRIVE India’s first semi-automated painting booth, aimed at ensuring uniform surface finish and improving production throughput.

With the commissioning of the Chennai Drive Technology Centre, SEW-EURODRIVE India continues to strengthen its manufacturing footprint and reinforces its long-term commitment to supporting industrial growth and automation development in India.

Concrete

Material Flow Efficiency

Published

3 weeks ago

March 18, 2026

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We explore how material handling systems are becoming strategic assets in cement plants, enabling efficient movement of raw materials, clinker and finished cement. Advanced conveying, automation and digital technologies are improving plant productivity while supporting energy efficiency and sustainability goals.

Material handling systems form the operational backbone of cement plants, enabling the efficient movement of raw materials, clinker and finished cement across complex production networks. With India’s cement industry producing over 391 million tonnes of cement in FY2024 and possessing an installed capacity of around 668 mtpa, according to the CRISIL Research Industry Report, 2025, efficient material logistics have become critical to maintaining plant productivity and cost competitiveness. At the same time, cement production is highly energy intensive and contributes around 7 per cent to
8 per cent of global CO2 emissions, making efficient material flow and logistics optimisation essential for reducing operational inefficiencies and emissions states the International Energy Agency Cement Technology Roadmap, 2023. As plants scale capacity and integrate digital technologies, modern material handling systems, ranging from automated conveyors to intelligent stockyards, are increasingly recognised as strategic assets that influence plant stability, energy efficiency and environmental performance.

Strategic role of material handling
Material handling is no longer viewed as a secondary utility within cement plants; it is now recognised as a strategic system that directly influences production efficiency and process stability.
Cement manufacturing involves the continuous movement of large volumes of limestone, clay, additives, clinker and finished cement across multiple production stages. Even minor disruptions in conveying systems or storage infrastructure can lead to kiln feed fluctuations, production delays and significant financial losses. According to Indian Cement Industry Operational Benchmarking Study, 2024, unplanned downtime in large integrated cement plants can cost between Rs.15–20 lakh per hour, highlighting the economic importance of reliable material handling systems.
Modern cement plants are therefore investing in advanced mechanical handling systems designed for high throughput and operational reliability. Large integrated plants can process over 10,000 tonnes per day of clinker, requiring highly efficient conveying systems and automated stockyards to maintain continuous material flow, suggests the International Cement Review Industry Analysis, 2024. Efficient material handling also reduces spillage, minimises dust emissions and improves workplace safety. As cement plants become larger and more technologically advanced, the role of material handling is evolving from simple transport infrastructure to a critical operational system that supports both productivity and sustainability.

From quarry to plant
The transport of raw materials from quarry to processing plant represents one of the most energy-intensive stages of cement production. Traditionally, limestone and other raw materials were transported using diesel-powered trucks, which resulted in high fuel consumption, dust generation and increased operational costs. However, modern plants are increasingly adopting long-distance belt conveyors and pipe conveyors as a more efficient alternative. These systems allow continuous material transport over distances of 10–15 kilometres, significantly reducing fuel consumption and operating costs while improving environmental performance, states the FLSmidth Cement Industry Technology Report, 2024.
Milind Khangan, Marketing Manager, Vertex Market Research & Consulting, says, “Efficient and enclosed handling of fine materials such as cement, fly ash and slag requires modern pneumatic conveying systems. By optimising the air-to-material ratio, these systems can reduce energy consumption by 10 per cent to 15 per cent while ensuring smooth material flow. Closed-loop conveying further minimises dust loading and improves the performance of bag filters, supporting cleaner plant operations. In addition, flow-regulated conveying lines help prevent clogging and maintain reliable dispatch performance. Overall, automation in pneumatic conveying delivers immediate operational benefits, including improved equipment uptime, lower energy use, reduced material spillage and more stable kiln and mill performance.”
Pipe conveyor systems are particularly gaining traction because they provide a completely enclosed transport system that prevents material spillage and dust emissions. According to global cement engineering studies, conveyor-based transport can reduce energy consumption by up to 30 per cent compared to truck haulage, while also improving operational reliability. Several cement plants in India have already implemented such systems to stabilise quarry-to-plant logistics while reducing carbon emissions associated with diesel transport.

Stockyard management and homogenisation
Stockyards play a critical role in maintaining raw material consistency and stabilising kiln feed quality. Modern cement plants use advanced stacker and reclaimer systems to ensure efficient storage and blending of raw materials before they enter the grinding and pyroprocessing stages. Automated stacking methods such as chevron or windrow stacking enable uniform distribution of materials, while bridge-type or portal reclaimers ensure consistent extraction during kiln feed preparation. These systems are essential for maintaining stable chemical composition of raw meal, which directly influences kiln efficiency and clinker quality. The Cement Plant Operations Handbook, 2024 indicates that advanced homogenisation systems can reduce raw mix variability by up to 50 per cent, significantly improving kiln stability and energy efficiency. Integrated stockyard management systems also incorporate sensors for monitoring bulk density, moisture levels and stockpile volumes, enabling real-time control over material blending processes.

Clinker and cement conveying technologies
Once clinker is produced in the kiln, it must be efficiently transported to storage silos and subsequently to grinding and packing units. Modern cement plants rely on high-capacity belt conveyors, bucket elevators and pneumatic conveying systems to manage this stage of material flow. Steel-cord belt bucket elevators are now capable of lifting materials to heights exceeding 120 metres with capacities reaching 1,500 tonnes per hour, making them suitable for large-scale clinker production lines, states the European Cement Engineering Association Technical Paper, 2023.
For fine materials such as cement, fly ash and slag, pneumatic conveying systems provide a reliable and dust-free solution. These systems transport powdered materials using controlled airflow, ensuring enclosed and contamination-free movement between grinding units, silos and packing stations. Optimised pneumatic systems can reduce energy consumption by 10 per cent to 15 per cent compared to older conveying technologies, while also improving plant cleanliness and environmental compliance, according to the Global Cement Technology Review, 2024.

Automation and digitalisation
Digitalisation is transforming material handling systems by introducing real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance and automated control. Advanced sensors and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) platforms enable plant operators to track conveyor health, stockpile levels and equipment performance in real time. Predictive maintenance systems analyse vibration patterns, temperature fluctuations and equipment load data to detect potential failures before they occur. According to McKinsey’s Industry 4.0 Manufacturing Report, 2023, for heavy industries, digital monitoring and predictive maintenance technologies can reduce equipment downtime by up to 30 per cent and increase productivity by 10 per cent to 15 per cent. Digital control centres also integrate data from conveyors, stacker reclaimers and dispatch systems, enabling centralised management of material flows from quarry to dispatch.

Handling of AFR
The growing adoption of Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials (AFR) has introduced new challenges and opportunities for material handling systems in cement plants. AFR materials such as refuse-derived fuel (RDF), biomass and industrial waste often have irregular particle sizes, variable moisture content and lower bulk density compared to conventional fuels. As a result, specialised storage, dosing and feeding systems are required to ensure consistent kiln combustion. According to the Cement Sector Decarbonisation Roadmap published by NITI Aayog in 2026, increasing the use of AFR could enable India’s cement sector to achieve thermal substitution rates of around 20 per cent in the coming decades. To support this transition, plants are investing in automated receiving stations, shredding units, drying systems and precision dosing equipment to stabilise AFR supply and combustion performance.

Energy efficiency and dust control
Material handling systems also play a crucial role in improving plant energy efficiency and environmental performance. Modern conveyor systems equipped with variable speed drives and energy-efficient motors can significantly reduce electricity consumption. Permanent magnet motors used in conveyor drives can deliver 8 per cent to 12 per cent energy savings compared to conventional induction motors, improving overall plant energy efficiency according to the IEA Industrial Energy Efficiency Study, 2023. Dust control is another major concern in cement plants, particularly during material transfer and storage operations. Enclosed conveyors, dust extraction systems and advanced bag filters are widely used to minimise particulate emissions and improve workplace safety.

Future trends in material handling
The future of material handling in cement plants will be shaped by automation, digitalisation and sustainability considerations. Emerging technologies such as AI-driven logistics optimisation, autonomous mobile equipment and digital twins are expected to further improve plant efficiency and operational visibility. Digital twin models allow engineers to simulate material flow patterns, optimise stockyard operations and predict equipment performance under different operating conditions. According to the International Energy Agency Digitalisation and Energy Report, 2024, the adoption of advanced digital technologies could improve industrial energy efficiency by up to 20 per cent in heavy industries such as cement manufacturing. As cement plants expand capacity and adopt low-carbon technologies, intelligent material handling systems will play a critical role in maintaining productivity and reducing environmental impact.

Conclusion
Material handling systems have evolved from basic transport infrastructure into strategic operational systems that directly influence plant efficiency, reliability and sustainability. From quarry transport and automated stockyards to digital dispatch platforms and advanced conveying technologies, modern material handling solutions enable cement plants to manage large production volumes while maintaining process stability.
As India’s cement industry continues to expand to meet infrastructure and urban development demands, investments in advanced material handling technologies will become increasingly important. By integrating automation, digital monitoring and energy-efficient systems, cement manufacturers can improve operational performance while supporting the industry’s long-term sustainability and decarbonisation goals.

Kanika Mathur

Concrete

Modernise to Optimise

Published

3 weeks ago

March 18, 2026

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Cement plant modernisation is reshaping the industry through upgrades in
kilns, energy systems, digitalisation, AFR integration and advanced material
handling. We explore these technologies that improve efficiency, reduce
emissions, strengthen competitiveness, while preparing the industry for India’s
next phase of infrastructure growth.

India’s cement industry, the world’s second-largest, is undergoing a rapid transformation driven by infrastructure demand, decarbonisation targets and technological advancement. The sector’s installed capacity stood at approximately 668 million tonnes per annum (mtpa) in FY2025 and is projected to reach 915–925 mtap by 2030, supported by large-scale capacity expansions and infrastructure investment cycles, suggests CRISIL Intelligence Industry Report, 2025. At the same time, cement production remains highly energy intensive and contributes about 6 per cent to 7 per cent of India’s total greenhouse gas emissions, making efficiency improvements and modernisation critical for long-term sustainability as stated in CareEdge ESG Research, 2025. As a result, cement manufacturers are investing in advanced kiln technologies, digital monitoring systems, waste heat recovery, alternative fuels, and modern material handling infrastructure to enhance productivity while aligning with global decarbonisation pathways.

Need for modernisation
The need for plant modernisation is closely linked to the sector’s rapid capacity expansion and rising operational complexity. India’s installed cement capacity has grown significantly in the last decade and is expected to exceed 900 mtpa by 2030, driven by demand from housing, infrastructure and urban development projects, as per the CRISIL Intelligence Industry Report, 2025. However, increasing scale also places pressure on energy efficiency, logistics, and production stability. The report also suggests that the cement plants must upgrade equipment and processes to operate at higher utilisation rates, which are projected to reach 75 per cent to 77 per cent by the end of the decade, compared to around 72 per cent to 74 per cent in FY2026.
Environmental imperatives are another major driver of modernisation. Cement manufacturing is responsible for a significant share of industrial emissions because clinker production requires high-temperature processes that depend heavily on fossil fuels. According to CareEdge ESG research, the cement sector contributes 6–7 per cent of India’s total greenhouse gas emissions, with approximately 97 per cent of emissions arising from direct fuel combustion and process emissions in kilns. Consequently, plant modernisation initiatives now focus not only on productivity improvements but also on reducing emissions intensity, energy consumption, and reliance on conventional fuels.
“One of the most impactful upgrades implemented at Shree Cement in the last five years has been the adoption of advanced data management platforms that provide real-time visibility across major process areas. This digital advancement has strengthened plant automation by enabling faster and more accurate responses to process variations while improving the reliability of control loops. Real-time dashboards, integrated analytics and automated alerts now support quicker, data-driven decision-making, helping optimise kiln and mill performance, improve energy control and detect deviations early. By consolidating data from multiple systems into a unified digital environment, the company has enhanced operational consistency, reduced downtime and improved both productivity and compliance. This shift towards intelligent automation and real-time data management has become a key driver of operational excellence and future-ready plant management,” says Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement.

Kiln and pyroprocessing upgradation
The kiln remains the technological heart of cement manufacturing, and modernisation efforts often begin with upgrades to pyroprocessing systems. Many older plants in India operate with four- or five-stage preheaters, while modern plants increasingly adopt six-stage preheater and pre-calciner systems that significantly improve heat efficiency and clinker output. These systems enhance heat transfer, reduce fuel consumption, and stabilise kiln operations under high throughput conditions.
Professor Procyon Mukherjee suggests, “Cement manufacturing is, at its core, a thermal process. The rotary kiln and calciner together account for energy consumption and emissions. The theoretical thermal requirement for clinker production is around 1700–1800 MJ per tonne, yet real-world plants often operate far above this benchmark due to inefficiencies in combustion, heat recovery and material flow. Modernisation, therefore, must begin with the
kiln system, and not peripheral automation or
isolated upgrades. The shift from wet to dry process kilns, combined with multi-stage preheaters and precalciners, has already delivered step-change improvements, making dry kilns nearly 50 per cent more energy efficient.”
Recent investment programmes across the industry have included kiln cooler upgrades, advanced burners, and improved refractory materials designed to increase operational reliability and reduce specific heat consumption. Such upgrades are essential because cement production remains highly energy intensive, and continuous efficiency improvements are required to meet global decarbonisation targets. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) Cement Tracking Report, 2023, the cement sector must achieve annual emissions intensity reductions of around 4 per cent through 2030 to align with global net-zero scenarios.

Energy efficiency and WHRS
Energy efficiency remains one of the most important areas of modernisation in cement manufacturing, given the sector’s heavy reliance on thermal and electrical energy. Modern plants deploy advanced process controls, efficient grinding systems, and improved combustion technologies to reduce specific energy consumption. The adoption of energy-efficient technologies is particularly important in India, where energy costs account for a large share of production expenses. As demand grows and plants expand capacity, improving energy performance becomes essential to maintain competitiveness.
Waste Heat Recovery Systems (WHRS) have emerged as a key solution for improving plant energy efficiency. During cement production, large volumes of high-temperature gases are released from kilns and coolers. WHRS technology captures this waste heat and converts it into electricity, thereby reducing reliance on external power sources. According to energy benchmarking studies for the Indian cement industry, installed waste heat recovery capacity in the sector has reached approximately 840 MW, with an additional potential of around 500 MW states the Green Business Centre, Energy Benchmarking Report, 2023. Several leading producers have already implemented large WHRS installations; for example, UltraTech Cement has deployed systems with around 121 MW of waste heat recovery capacity, reducing carbon emissions by nearly 0.5 million tonnes annually according to the Energy Alternatives India Case Study, 2024.

Integration of AFR
The integration of Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials (AFR) is another critical dimension of cement plant modernisation. AFR refers to the use of industrial waste, biomass, refuse-derived fuel (RDF), and other non-fossil materials as substitutes for conventional fuels such as coal and petcoke. Increasing the use of AFR helps reduce fossil fuel consumption while simultaneously addressing waste management challenges. According to the NITI Aayog Decarbonisation Roadmap, 2026, scaling the use of RDF and other alternative fuels could enable the sector to achieve thermal substitution rates of around 20 per cent in the coming decades.
However, integrating AFR requires significant plant modifications and operational adjustments. Waste-derived fuels often have inconsistent calorific values, higher moisture content, and heterogeneous physical properties compared to traditional fuels. As a result, modern plants invest in advanced fuel preparation systems, dedicated feeding equipment, and automated dosing technologies to ensure stable kiln operation. These upgrades allow plants to maintain consistent clinker quality while increasing the share of alternative fuels in their energy mix.

Digitalisation and smart plant operations
Digitalisation is rapidly transforming cement plant operations by enabling data-driven decision-making and predictive maintenance. Industry 4.0 technologies such as IoT sensors, artificial intelligence (AI), and advanced analytics are now used to monitor equipment performance, optimise process parameters, and anticipate maintenance requirements. These digital tools enable plant operators to detect early signs of equipment failure, minimise unplanned downtime, and improve operational efficiency. Predictive maintenance systems, for example, analyse vibration, temperature, and acoustic signals from rotating equipment to identify potential faults
before they escalate into major breakdowns. Digital twins and integrated control systems further allow operators to simulate plant performance under different scenarios and optimise production strategies. Such technologies are becoming increasingly important as cement plants operate at larger scales and higher levels of process complexity.
Maheshwari also adds, “Plant modernisation is also increasingly central to the global competitiveness of Indian cement manufacturers. As cost pressures rise across energy, logistics and regulatory compliance, modern plants offer the structural efficiency required to operate reliably and competitively over the long term. Technologies such as AI-driven Advanced Process Control (APC) integrated with real-time data systems are emerging as essential investments for the future. These platforms use predictive algorithms, machine learning and live process inputs to optimise kiln, mill and utility operations with greater precision than traditional control systems. By continuously analysing variations in feed chemistry, temperature profiles, energy demand and equipment behaviour, APC enables stable operations, lower specific energy consumption, reduced emissions and improved product consistency. As regulatory expectations tighten and plants pursue higher efficiency with lower carbon intensity, AI-enabled APC will play a crucial role in strengthening automation, enhancing decision-making and ensuring long-term operational resilience.”

Modern material handling and logistics
Material handling systems play a critical role in ensuring smooth plant operations and efficient logistics. Modern cement plants rely on advanced conveying systems, automated stockyards, and digital dispatch platforms to manage the movement of raw materials, clinker, and finished cement. Long-distance belt conveyors and pipe conveyors are increasingly replacing truck-based transport between quarries and plants, reducing fuel consumption, dust emissions, and operational costs. Automated stacker-reclaimers ensure consistent blending of raw materials,
which improves kiln stability and clinker quality. Meanwhile, advanced packing and dispatch systems equipped with high-speed rotary packers and robotic palletisers enhance throughput and reduce manual labour. These technologies allow cement plants to optimise logistics efficiency while supporting higher production capacities.

Emission control and environmental compliance
Environmental compliance has become a central focus of cement plant modernisation as regulators and investors place greater emphasis on sustainability performance. Modern plants deploy advanced emission control technologies such as high-efficiency bag filters, electrostatic precipitators, and selective non-catalytic reduction systems to reduce particulate matter and nitrogen oxide emissions.
Sine Bogh Skaarup, Vice President, Head of Green Innovation and R&D, Fuller Technologies says, “One of our key focus areas is decarbonisation. We help cement producers reduce CO2 and overall carbon emissions. We offer alternative fuel solutions and calcined clay technologies to enable the production of LC3 cement, which play a significant role in decarbonising the cement industry. By combining alternative fuels and calcined clay solutions, CO2 emissions can be reduced by up to 50 per cent, making this a highly impactful approach for sustainable cement production.”
Continuous emission monitoring systems are increasingly used to track environmental performance in real time and ensure compliance with regulatory standards. In addition to air pollution control, cement companies are also investing in water recycling systems, renewable energy integration, and carbon reduction initiatives. These measures are essential for aligning the sector with national climate goals and improving the environmental footprint of
cement manufacturing.

Economic benefits and future outlook
Beyond environmental and operational advantages, cement plant modernisation also delivers significant economic benefits. Energy efficiency improvements, digital process optimisation, and advanced material handling systems reduce operating costs and improve asset utilisation. Waste heat recovery and alternative fuels help lower fuel expenditure and reduce exposure to volatile fossil fuel markets. As the industry expands capacity to meet growing demand, modernised plants are better positioned to achieve higher productivity and maintain profitability. The long-term outlook for the sector remains positive, with India expected to continue large-scale infrastructure investments in roads, housing, railways, and urban development.
Milan R Trivedi, Vice President – Projects, Prod & QC, MR, Shree Digvijay Cement, says, “The main focus in case of modernisation projects drives through the investment decision, which is mainly based on IRR and impact on overall efficiency improvement, cost optimisation and improvement in reliability. However, there are certain modernisation, which has high impact on environmental impact, statutory requirements, etc. has higher priority irrespective of ROI or payback period.”
“The energy efficiency and reliability investment projects generally provide fast return on investment whereas strategic, digitalisation and environmental investment projects provide long term and compounded benefits. Typical modernisation investment projects are decided with IRR of about > 20 per cent, payback period of typically 2-3 years for fast-track projects,” he adds.
In this context, modernisation will remain a key strategic priority for cement manufacturers seeking to maintain competitiveness in an increasingly sustainability-focused market.

Conclusion
The modernisation of cement plants is no longer a purely technical upgrade but a strategic transformation that reshapes how the industry operates. As India’s cement sector expands capacity toward the next growth cycle, improvements in energy efficiency, digitalisation, alternative fuels and advanced logistics will determine the competitiveness of individual plants. Modern technologies allow producers to operate at higher productivity levels while simultaneously reducing energy consumption and emissions intensity.
Looking ahead, the pace of technological adoption will play a decisive role in shaping the future of
the cement industry. Companies that successfully integrate modern equipment, digital systems, and sustainable production practices will be better positioned to meet rising infrastructure demand while aligning with global climate commitments. In this evolving landscape, plant modernisation stands as the cornerstone of both operational excellence and environmental responsibility.