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Economy & Market

Creating a Carbon Sink

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Olli Hänninen, Owner and Co-founder, Moviator Oy, discusses the future of decarbonising cement through smart material utilisation.

Over the decades, the cement sector has advanced from scale to sophistication, and now it faces its most profound transformation yet — decarbonisation of one of the world’s most carbon-intensive industries.
The theme — The 3Cs: Cut, Cement, Carbon — captures a new mindset. Cutting emissions is no longer just about compliance; it is central to competitiveness. Cement, once seen as a fixed formula, is being reimagined through technology and circularity. And carbon itself, traditionally treated as waste, is emerging as a potential input. Together, these three Cs define not only a challenge but also a remarkable opportunity.

Cement’s dual carbon burden
Cement production carries a double carbon burden — from both the energy required to heat kilns and the chemical release of CO2 from limestone during clinker production. Even with modern efficiency improvements, the underlying chemistry of the process remains inherently carbon-intensive.
Traditional ‘Cut’ measures — improving thermal efficiency, using alternative fuels, or lowering the clinker factor — are vital, but not sufficient on their own. The next step lies in rethinking the materials themselves: how we process them, how we use them, and how we can capture and store carbon directly within them.

Slag: From by-product to resource
Among industrial by-products, steelmaking slag stands out as one of the most underused materials in the journey to decarbonisation. Produced at roughly 200 kg per tonne of steel, it is often stockpiled or landfilled, despite containing valuable calcium- and magnesium-bearing compounds.
Blast-furnace slag from ironmaking is already widely used in blended cements, but steel slags from basic oxygen or electric arc furnaces remain challenging. They are heterogeneous, often solidifying into massive rock-like blocks known as steel skulls, or into finer, inconsistent fractions. These forms are difficult to process and integrate reliably into cement production.
Yet this complexity conceals opportunity. Slag is abundant, stable, and — with the right processing — capable of replacing a large share of clinker while storing CO2 within its structure.

Unlocking the hidden value in slag
At Moviator Oy, we focus on two critical and often overlooked fractions of steelmaking slag that have historically been difficult to process — but which hold immense untapped potential for decarbonising cement and improving circularity in steel production.

1. Large solidified steel skulls
These massive, irregular formations solidify at the bottom of ladles or converters and have traditionally been cut apart using oxygen lances — a slow, energy-intensive, and hazardous process. Moviator has developed an innovative process that enables the efficient treatment of solidified steel skulls, eliminating the need for conventional thermal cutting and improving material recovery.
Once treated, the recovered metallic portions are returned to the steelmaking cycle, while the mineral component is directed for cementitious applications. This dual recovery approach maximises resource efficiency, reduces waste, and lowers both carbon and energy footprints across the steel and cement value chains.

2. The sub-50 mm fine fraction
At the other end of the size spectrum, finer slag particles can be further refined through advanced grinding techniques, achieving reactivity levels well above standard cement benchmarks. This transformation enhances the slag’s ability to act as an effective supplementary cementitious material (SCM), capable of replacing a substantial portion of the clinker in blended cements.
Together, these two complementary approaches — recovery and recycling of steel skulls and activation of fine slag through precision grinding — enable Moviator to transform slag from an inert by-product into a high-performance, low-carbon cement material, while simultaneously closing the loop within the steel industry.
This material transformation is only the first step. The next challenge — and opportunity — lies in what we do with carbon itself.

Beyond storage: Turning CO2 into stone
Most global attention focuses on carbon capture and storage (CCS) — compressing CO2 and injecting it underground. While CCS has value, it raises questions of permanence, cost, and long-term monitoring.
Moviator takes a different path: carbon utilisation through mineral carbonation. In simple terms, captured CO2 reacts with calcium- and magnesium-rich compounds in slag to form stable carbonates, effectively turning gaseous emissions into solid minerals within a controlled process environment.

This approach achieves two outcomes:
1. Permanent carbon binding: CO2 is locked into a solid matrix with no risk of re-release.
2. Improved material properties: Carbonated slag is more stable and can exhibit enhanced early strength and durability.
This is more than a laboratory concept. Pilot-scale work has already demonstrated that 4–5 tonnes of slag can permanently store around one tonne of CO2, confirming that industrial by-products can become long-term carbon sinks within a circular cement economy.

A realistic path to a circular, carbon-negative loop
Our vision is a circular, carbon-negative cement ecosystem — one that absorbs more CO2 than it emits. In this system, industrial waste becomes both raw material and carbon storage medium, creating a closed loop between the steel, cement, and carbon management sectors.

This concept builds on real trends already taking shape:

  • Cement plants near steelworks using slag as feedstock.
  • Pilot carbonation systems integrating captured CO2 from industrial exhausts.
  • Early life-cycle assessments showing that mineralised slag can achieve net CO2 reductions of 70–90 % compared to conventional clinker.

However, realising a fully circular model will require more than technology. It will demand:

  • Clean energy for grinding and carbonation to ensure net carbon benefits.
  • Proximity and logistics between steel, cement and CO2 sources.
  • Updated standards and policies that recognise mineral carbonation as a verified form of carbon removal.

Currently, most climate frameworks credit geological storage but not yet mineralised products. Changing that will take collaboration between innovators, regulators, and investors. Still, the direction is clear: CO2 mineralisation is emerging as a credible, permanent carbon sink with industrial-scale potential.

Practical optimism: Balancing vision and reality
The idea of a carbon-negative cement industry is ambitious — and it should be. Cement contributes roughly 7-8 per cent of global CO2 emissions, so any solution must be bold. But ambition must come with realism.
Scaling up slag carbonation will take time. Reactors must handle large volumes efficiently, and the economics depend on CO2 availability, energy costs, and policy incentives. Yet progress is rapid: several European plants are already demonstrating carbonated aggregates and binder materials commercially.
Moviator’s strategy reflects this practical optimism — combining proven engineering principles with forward-looking applications. Each tonne of refined, carbonated slag replaces high-emission clinker and locks away CO2 permanently, turning waste into value step by step.

The mindset shift: The 3Cs reimagined
The 3Cs — Cut, Cement, Carbon — are not separate goals but interconnected levers of transformation:

  • Cut emissions by improving efficiency and material circularity.
  • Cement innovation by replacing clinker with reactive industrial by-products.
  • Carbon redefined as a useful input, not just a waste stream.

To truly decarbonise, the industry must embrace both radical innovation and practical integration. Every action that converts waste to raw material and emissions to mineral stability brings us closer to a sustainable cement future.

From incremental to transformative
Decarbonising cement will not happen overnight. It will take imagination, cross-sector collaboration and new standards that reward permanent carbon binding. But the tools are already here — from smarter slag processing to direct CO2 mineralisation.
Moviator’s work in refining steel skulls and utilising slag demonstrates that circular, low-carbon materials are not science fiction. They are emerging now, one pilot and partnership at a time.
The 3Cs mindset is ultimately about shifting perception — from seeing materials as static commodities to viewing them as active agents in the carbon cycle. Through this lens, cement production can evolve from a major emitter to a permanent carbon sink, helping build not only the world’s infrastructure but also its climate resilience.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
Olli Hänninen, Owner and Co-founder, Moviator Oy, helps industries maximise material recovery with advanced slag processing technology.

Economy & Market

Smart Pumping for Rock Blasting

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SEEPEX introduces BN pumps with Smart Joint Access (SJA) to improve efficiency, reliability, and inspection speed in demanding rock blasting operations.
Designed for abrasive and chemical media, the solution supports precise dosing, reduced downtime, and enhanced operational safety.

SEEPEX has introduced BN pumps with Smart Joint Access (SJA), engineered for the reliable and precise transfer of abrasive, corrosive, and chemical media in mining and construction. Designed for rock blasting, the pump features a large inspection opening for quick joint checks, a compact footprint for mobile or skid-mounted installations, and flexible drive and material options for consistent performance and uptime.

“Operators can inspect joints quickly and rely on precise pumping of shear-sensitive and abrasive emulsions,” said Magalie Levray, Global Business Development Manager Mining at SEEPEX. “This is particularly critical in rock blasting, where every borehole counts for productivity.” Industry Context

Rock blasting is essential for extracting hard rock and shaping safe excavation profiles in mining and construction. Accurate and consistent loading of explosive emulsions ensures controlled fragmentation, protects personnel, and maximizes productivity. Even minor deviations in pumping can cause delays or reduce product quality. BN pumps with SJA support routine maintenance and pre-operation checks by allowing fast verification of joint integrity, enabling more efficient operations.

Always Inspection Ready

Smart Joint Access is designed for inspection-friendly operations. The large inspection opening in the suction housing provides direct access to both joints, enabling rapid pre-operation checks while maintaining high operational reliability. Technicians can assess joint condition quickly, supporting continuous, reliable operation.

Key Features

  • Compact Footprint: Fits truck-mounted mobile units, skid-mounted systems, and factory installations.
  • Flexible Drive Options: Compact hydraulic drive or electric drive configurations.
  • Hydraulic Efficiency: Low-displacement design reduces oil requirements and supports low total cost of ownership.
  • Equal Wall Stator Design: Ensures high-pressure performance in a compact footprint.
  • Material Flexibility: Stainless steel or steel housings, chrome-plated rotors, and stators in NBR, EPDM, or FKM.

Operators benefit from shorter inspection cycles, reliable dosing, seamless integration, and fast delivery through framework agreements, helping to maintain uptime in critical rock blasting processes.

Applications – Optimized for Rock Blasting

BN pumps with SJA are designed for mining, tunneling, quarrying, civil works, dam construction, and other sectors requiring precise handling of abrasive or chemical media. They provide robust performance while enabling fast, reliable inspection and maintenance.With SJA, operators can quickly access both joints without disassembly, ensuring emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently. This reduces downtime, preserves product integrity, and supports uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.

With the Smart Joint Access inspection opening, operators can quickly access and assess the condition of both joints without disassembly, enabling immediate verification of pump readiness prior to blast hole loading. This allows operators to confirm that emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently, protecting personnel, minimizing product degradation, and maintaining uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.

The combination of equal wall stator design, compact integration, flexible drives, and progressive cavity pump technology ensures continuous, reliable operation even in space-limited, high-pressure environments.

From Inspection to Operation

A leading explosives provider implemented BN pumps with SJA in open pit and underground operations. By replacing legacy pumps, inspection cycles were significantly shortened, allowing crews to complete pre-operation checks and return mobile units to productive work faster. Direct joint access through SJA enabled immediate verification, consistent emulsion dosing, and reduced downtime caused by joint-related deviations.

“The inspection opening gives immediate confidence that each joint is secure before proceeding to bore holes,” said a site technician. “It allows us to act quickly, keeping blasting schedules on track.”

Framework agreements ensured rapid pump supply and minimal downtime, supporting multi-site operations across continents

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Concrete

Digital process control is transforming grinding

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Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, delves into how digital intelligence is transforming cement grinding into a predictive, stable, and energy-efficient operation.

Grinding sits at the heart of cement manufacturing, accounting for the largest share of electrical energy consumption. In this interview, Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, explains how advanced grinding technologies, data-driven optimisation and process intelligence are transforming mill performance, reducing power consumption and supporting the industry’s decarbonisation goals.

How has the grinding process evolved in Indian cement plants to meet rising efficiency and sustainability expectations?
Over the past decade, Indian cement plants have seen a clear evolution in grinding technology, moving from conventional open-circuit ball mills to high-efficiency closed-circuit systems, Roller Press–Ball Mill combinations and Vertical Roller Mills (VRMs). This shift has been supported by advances in separator design, improved wear-resistant materials, and the growing use of digital process automation. As a result, grinding units today operate as highly controlled manufacturing systems where real-time data, process intelligence and efficient separation work together to deliver stable and predictable performance.
From a sustainability perspective, these developments directly reduce specific power consumption, improve equipment reliability and lower the carbon footprint per tonne of cement produced.

How critical is grinding optimisation in reducing specific power consumption across ball mills and VRMs?
Grinding is the largest consumer of electrical energy in a cement plant, which makes optimisation one of the most effective levers for improving energy efficiency. In ball mill systems, optimisation through correct media selection, charge design, diaphragm configuration, ventilation management and separator tuning can typically deliver power savings of 5 per cent to 8 per cent. In VRMs, fine-tuning airflow balance, grinding pressure, nozzle ring settings, and circulating load can unlock energy reductions in the range of 8 per cent to 12 per cent. Across both systems, sustained operation under stable conditions is critical. Consistency in mill loading and operating parameters improves quality control, reduces wear, and enables long-term energy efficiency, making stability a key operational KPI.

What challenges arise in maintaining consistent cement quality when using alternative raw materials and blended compositions?
The increased use of alternative raw materials and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) introduces variability in chemistry, moisture, hardness, and loss on ignition. This variability makes it more challenging to maintain consistent fineness, particle size distribution, throughput and downstream performance parameters such as setting time, strength development and workability.
As clinker substitution levels rise, grinding precision becomes increasingly important. Even small improvements in consistency enable higher SCM utilisation without compromising cement performance.
Addressing these challenges requires stronger feed homogenisation, real-time quality monitoring and dynamic adjustment of grinding parameters so that output quality remains stable despite changing input characteristics.

How is digital process control changing the way grinding performance is optimised?
Digital process control is transforming grinding from an operator-dependent activity into a predictive, model-driven operation. Technologies such as online particle size and residue analysers, AI-based optimisation platforms, digital twins for VRMs and Roller Press systems, and advanced process control solutions are redefining how performance is managed.
At the same time, workforce roles are evolving. Operators are increasingly focused on interpreting data trends through digital dashboards and responding proactively rather than relying on manual interventions. Together, these tools improve mill stability, enable faster response to disturbances, maintain consistent fineness, and reduce specific energy consumption while minimising manual effort.

How do you see grinding technologies supporting the industry’s low-clinker and decarbonisation goals?
Modern grinding technologies are central to the industry’s decarbonisation efforts. They enable higher incorporation of SCMs such as fly ash, slag, and limestone, improve particle fineness and reactivity, and reduce overall power consumption. Efficient grinding makes it possible to maintain consistent cement quality at lower clinker factors. Every improvement in energy intensity and particle engineering directly contributes to lower CO2 emissions.
As India moves toward low-carbon construction, precision grinding will remain a foundational capability for delivering sustainable, high-performance cement aligned with national and global climate objectives.

How much potential does grinding optimisation hold for immediate energy
and cost savings?
The potential for near-term savings is substantial. Without major capital investment, most plants can achieve 5 per cent to 15 per cent power reduction through measures such as improving separator efficiency, optimising ventilation, refining media grading, and fine-tuning operating parameters.
With continued capacity expansion across India, advanced optimisation tools will help ensure that productivity gains are not matched by proportional increases in energy demand. Given current power costs, this translates into direct and measurable financial benefits, making grinding optimisation one of the fastest-payback operational initiatives available to cement manufacturers today.

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Concrete

Refractory demands in our kiln have changed

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Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, points out why performance, predictability and life-cycle value now matter more than routine replacement in cement kilns.

As Indian cement plants push for higher throughput, increased alternative fuel usage and tighter shutdown cycles, refractory performance in kilns and pyro-processing systems is under growing pressure. In this interview, Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, shares how refractory demands have evolved on the ground and how smarter digital monitoring is improving kiln stability, uptime and clinker quality.

How have refractory demands changed in your kiln and pyro-processing line over the last five years?
Over the last five years, refractory demands in our kiln and pyro line have changed. Earlier, the focus was mostly on standard grades and routine shutdown-based replacement. But now, because of higher production loads, more alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) usage and greater temperature variation, the expectation from refractory has increased.
In our own case, the current kiln refractory has already completed around 1.5 years, which itself shows how much more we now rely on materials that can handle thermal shock, alkali attack and coating fluctuations. We have moved towards more stable, high-performance linings so that we don’t have to enter the kiln frequently for repairs.
Overall, the shift has been from just ‘installation and run’ to selecting refractories that give longer life, better coating behaviour and more predictable performance under tougher operating conditions.

What are the biggest refractory challenges in the preheater, calciner and cooler zones?
• Preheater: Coating instability, chloride/sulphur cycles and brick erosion.
• Calciner: AFR firing, thermal shock and alkali infiltration.
• Cooler: Severe abrasion, red-river formation and mechanical stress on linings.
Overall, the biggest challenge is maintaining lining stability under highly variable operating conditions.

How do you evaluate and select refractory partners for long-term performance?
In real plant conditions, we don’t select a refractory partner just by looking at price. First, we see their past performance in similar kilns and whether their material has actually survived our operating conditions. We also check how strong their technical support is during shutdowns, because installation quality matters as much as the material itself.
Another key point is how quickly they respond during breakdowns or hot spots. A good partner should be available on short notice. We also look at their failure analysis capability, whether they can explain why a lining failed and suggest improvements.
On top of this, we review the life they delivered in the last few campaigns, their supply reliability and their willingness to offer plant-specific custom solutions instead of generic grades. Only a partner who supports us throughout the life cycle, which includes selection, installation, monitoring and post-failure analysis, fits our long-term requirement.

Can you share a recent example where better refractory selection improved uptime or clinker quality?
Recently, we upgraded to a high-abrasion basic brick at the kiln outlet. Earlier we had frequent chipping and coating loss. With the new lining, thermal stability improved and the coating became much more stable. As a result, our shutdown interval increased and clinker quality remained more consistent. It had a direct impact on our uptime.

How is increased AFR use affecting refractory behaviour?
Increased AFR use is definitely putting more stress on the refractory. The biggest issue we see daily is the rise in chlorine, alkalis and volatiles, which directly attack the lining, especially in the calciner and kiln inlet. AFR firing is also not as stable as conventional fuel, so we face frequent temperature fluctuations, which cause more thermal shock and small cracks in the lining.
Another real problem is coating instability. Some days the coating builds too fast, other days it suddenly drops, and both conditions impact refractory life. We also notice more dust circulation and buildup inside the calciner whenever the AFR mix changes, which again increases erosion.
Because of these practical issues, we have started relying more on alkali-resistant, low-porosity and better thermal shock–resistant materials to handle the additional stress coming from AFR.

What role does digital monitoring or thermal profiling play in your refractory strategy?
Digital tools like kiln shell scanners, IR imaging and thermal profiling help us detect weakening areas much earlier. This reduces unplanned shutdowns, helps identify hotspots accurately and allows us to replace only the critical sections. Overall, our maintenance has shifted from reactive to predictive, improving lining life significantly.

How do you balance cost, durability and installation speed during refractory shutdowns?
We focus on three points:
• Material quality that suits our thermal profile and chemistry.
• Installation speed, in fast turnarounds, we prefer monolithic.
• Life-cycle cost—the cheapest material is not the most economical. We look at durability, future downtime and total cost of ownership.
This balance ensures reliable performance without unnecessary expenditure.

What refractory or pyro-processing innovations could transform Indian cement operations?
Some promising developments include:
• High-performance, low-porosity and nano-bonded refractories
• Precast modular linings to drastically reduce shutdown time
• AI-driven kiln thermal analytics
• Advanced coating management solutions
• More AFR-compatible refractory mixes

These innovations can significantly improve kiln stability, efficiency and maintenance planning across the industry.

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