Concrete

BOOM, BOOT, BOO, EPC, PPP, LSTK…

Published

6 years ago

January 7, 2020

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Tongue-twisters or cannon-balls? Neither. But, people who are from projects background know that these are acronyms of various different categories of projects. An understanding of these categories is quite important in the context of project management practices.

Forms of projects, classified on patterns of Ownership and Financing, are:

BOT – Build Operate Transfer
BOOT – Build Own Operate Transfer
BOO – Build Own Operate
BLT – Build Lease Transfer
DBFO – Design Build Finance Operate
DBOT – Design Build Operate Transfer
DCMF – Design Construct Manage Finance

On the other hand, going by contracting/execution philosophy, projects are grouped into:

PPP
EPC
EPCM
EPCI
LSTK

Why do we need to know and understand these jargon? Without a knowledge of these names and categories, we shall be unable to differentiate between different types of projects, and will also fail to capture the implications of these names in the way accountability devolves between owner, developer and contractor. Take for example, the two types under PPP and EPC, which can be discussed and distinguished. It will be an interesting comparison because The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has been using both these modes in their tenders for road projects in our country, over the last decade.

First, let us develop an understanding, and then we may analyse and compare these two terms. PPP is Public Private Partnerships, where a Government body and a private entity sign up to jointly develop, finance, execute and operate a (mostly) infrastructure project, and thus an entity called concessionaire is created (sometimes also called an SPV – special purpose vehicle). The contract demarcates the responsibilities of the two partners, and in most cases, the public partner assumes the preparatory works like land acquisition, statutory approvals, political resolution of issues, etc., in addition to overall tracking of the work to be done by the private partner. The public partner may or may not be bringing in any hard equity other than land, etc. The private agency invests money, obtains financing, executes the project and runs the assets thus created for a pre-defined period of time in order to realise a return on its financial investments. The Pvt Agency decides the contracting philosophy during execution, like say, EPC/LSTK/packages, etc.

EPC mode, on the other hand, is when NHAI competitively bids out a given highway on defined scope of Engineering, Procurement and Construction only, and the subsequent job of maintenance and toll collection, etc. can be tendered out separately. We can see that there is vast difference in scope between these two.

Primarily, projects which are financially viable are handed out as PPP’s while others where prima-facie viability is in question, EPC bids are invited. In 2012-13, when many developers of road projects were reeling under huge debt-burden, and did not have appetite for bidding in new PPP road projects, NHAI had to resort to large-scale EPC tendering to keep up the tempo of building highways. In the urban transportation sector, in Mumbai, the two cases of Mumbai Metro Line One, which was tendered as a PPP project and the Monorail project, which was tendered as EPC Project, are also very good examples that amply illustrate this discussion. The first one, considered viable, was won by Reliance Infrastructure in a PPP-bidding process, while the other one, which was financially not so sound, was won by L&T-SCOMI on competitive EPC-bidding mode. In the end, however, both these two projects got inordinately delayed primarily due to right-of-way issues, leaving us none the wiser about which mode was better from execution perspective.

As we can see, any study of project management will remain incomplete without an understanding of various types of ownership, financing, and execution of projects. Why not, therefore, take a look at some other types!

BOOT
A BOOT structure differs from BOT in that the private entity owns the works. During the concession period, the private company owns and operates the facility with the prime goal to recover the costs of investment and maintenance while trying to achieve a reasonable margin on the project. The specific characteristics of BOOT make it suitable for infrastructure projects like highways, roads, mass transit, railway transport and power generation and as such they have political importance for the social welfare impact but are not attractive for other types of private investments. BOOT and BOT are methods that find very extensive application in countries which desire ownership transfer.

Some advantages of BOOT projects are:

Encourage private investment
Inject new foreign capital to the country
Transfer of technology and know-how
Completing project within time frame and planned budget
Providing additional financial source for other priority projects
Releasing the burden on public budget for infrastructure development

BOO
In a BOO project, ownership of the project remains usually with the project company for example a mobile phone network. Therefore the private company gets the benefits of any residual value of the project. This framework is used when the physical life of the project generally coincides with the concession period. A BOO scheme involves large amounts of finance and long payback period. Some examples of BOO projects come from the water treatment plants. This facilities run by private companies process raw water, provided by the public sector entity, into filtered water, which is afterwards returned to the public sector utility to deliver to the customers.

Trying to define all these various types of projects and contracts may turn out to be quite lengthy, but before we sign off for the month, I would like to add here something from my experience in steel and cement sectors. Companies which have very strong engineering and project management and coordination set-ups, will like to save costs by implementing a large project thru many "Packages" and will take full ownership and accountability for its success or failure. Conversely, companies which are not so confident, or do not have strong project teams, or wishes to shirk responsibility, may opt for EPC contracts, and they have to accept an increase of at least 15 per cent additional cost for doing this. That is, truly speaking, the cost of coordination, management, and avoidance of accountability.

– SUMIT BANERJEE

Concrete

Cement Margins to Erode as Energy Costs Rise: CRISIL

CRISIL warns of 150–200 bps margin decline this fiscal

Published

42 minutes ago

April 17, 2026

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Crisil Intelligence (CRISIL) released a report on April 13, 2026, indicating Indian cement manufacturers face margin erosion of 150–200 basis points this fiscal, reducing operating margins to between 16 per cent and 18 per cent. The firm noted that this represents a reversal from the prior year when margins expanded by 260–280 basis points. The analysis attributed the shift to rising input costs despite steady demand.

The report said that power and fuel, which typically account for about 26–28 per cent of production cost, are expected to increase by 10–12 per cent year on year, driven by higher prices for crude oil, petroleum coke and thermal coal. Brent crude was assessed as likely to trade between $82 and $87 per barrel, and industrial diesel prices rose by 25 per cent in March, raising logistics and procurement expenses. Such increases have therefore heightened cost pressures across the value chain.

Producers plan to raise selling prices by one–three per cent, which would put the average retail price of a cement bag at around Rs355–Rs360, according to the report. CRISIL’s director Sehul Bhatt was cited as saying that these hikes will at best offset a four–six per cent rise in production costs, leaving little room for higher profitability. The report added that intense competition and continual capacity additions constrain the extent to which firms can pass on costs.

Demand conditions remain supportive, with CRISIL projecting volume growth of six point five–seven point five per cent this fiscal on the back of accelerated infrastructure projects and steady industrial and commercial consumption. Nonetheless, the pace of recovery is sensitive to developments in West Asia, the speed of government infrastructure execution and monsoon performance. The agency noted that any further escalation in energy prices or delays in project execution would widen margin pressures.

Overall, the sector will continue to grow but with compressed margins as energy cost inflation outpaces the limited ability to raise prices. Investors and policymakers will therefore monitor both input cost trajectories and policy measures aimed at alleviating supply chain constraints.

Concrete

Haver & Boecker Niagara to showcase solutions at Hillhead

Focus on screening tech, diagnostics and quarrying efficiency

Published

42 minutes ago

April 17, 2026

admin

Haver & Boecker Niagara will showcase its mineral processing technologies at Hillhead 2026, scheduled from June 23–25 in Buxton, UK.

At Stand PA3, the company will present its end-to-end solutions including screeners, screen media and advanced diagnostics, with a focus on improving efficiency, uptime and throughput for aggregates producers.

Highlighting its screen media portfolio, the company will feature Ty-Wire media with hybrid design offering up to 80 per cent more open area, alongside FLEX-MAT® solutions designed to enhance wear life and throughput while reducing blinding and clogging.

The showcase will also include its PULSE Diagnostics suite, comprising vibration analysis, condition monitoring and impact testing, aimed at assessing equipment health and preventing unplanned downtime.

Commenting on the event, Martin Loughran, Sales Manager, UK & Ireland, said, “Hillhead presents an excellent opportunity for us to demonstrate how we deliver innovative technologies along with long-term service and technical support.”

The company will also highlight its Niagara F-Class vibrating screen, designed to reduce structural vibration and improve operational reliability under demanding conditions.

The participation reflects Haver & Boecker Niagara’s focus on supporting quarrying operations with advanced screening solutions and predictive maintenance technologies.

Concrete

Siyaram Recycling Secures Rs 21.03 mn Order From Anurag Impex

Domestic Fixed Cost Contract To Be Executed Within Seven Days

Published

2 days ago

April 15, 2026

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Siyaram Recycling Industries Limited (Siyaram Recycling) has informed the stock exchange that it has secured a purchase order for brass scrap honey from Anurag Impex. The company submitted the intimation on 10 April 2026 from Jamnagar and requested the filing be taken on record. The filing was made under the provisions of regulation 30 of the SEBI listing regulations and accompanying circular. The intimation referenced the SEBI circular dated 13 July 2023 and included an annexure detailing the terms.

The order carries a fixed cost value of Rs 21.03 million (mn) and is to be executed domestically within seven days. The contract was described as a fixed cost engagement and the customer was identified as Anurag Impex. The announcement specified that the order size contributes a short term consideration to the company. Owing to the brief execution window, logistics and dispatch were expected to be prioritised.

The filing clarified that neither the promoter group nor group companies have any interest in the purchaser and that the transaction does not constitute a related party transaction. Details were provided in an annexure and the document was signed by the managing director, Bhavesh Ramgopal Maheshwari. The company referenced compliance with SEBI disclosure requirements in its notification. The notice indicated that no related party approvals were required owing to the nature of the transaction.

The order is expected to provide a modest near term revenue inflow and to be processed within the stated execution window given the nature of the product and the fixed cost terms. Management indicated the contract will be executed in accordance with standard operational procedures and accounting recognition at completion. The development signals continuing demand in the secondary metals market for brass scrap.