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The 3Cs of Decarbonisation

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Dr Avijit Mondal, Scientist, NTPC Energy Technology Research Alliance (NETRA), explores the holistic pathway to decarbonise the cement industry and build a resilient, low-carbon future for India.

The global climate discourse has placed the spotlight firmly on hard-to-abate sectors, and the cement industry is one of the most critical among them. Cement is the backbone of modern infrastructure, but it also accounts for nearly 7-8 per cent of global CO2 emissions. As economies continue to grow, the demand for cement will persist-making decarbonisation strategies not just desirable but indispensable.

In this context, the 3Cs of decarbonisation – Cut emissions, Cement innovations, and Carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) – offer a comprehensive framework for reshaping the industry’s future.

1. Cut emissions: Driving efficiency and clean energy integration
The first step is to cut emissions at the source. Cement production is energy-intensive, and approximately 40 per cent of emissions come from fuel combustion in kilns. The rest originates from the calcination of limestone during clinker production. Cutting emissions, therefore, requires both process optimisation and energy transition.

  • Energy efficiency: Adoption of waste heat recovery systems, improved kiln design, and digitalisation-driven process control can reduce the thermal and electrical energy footprint.
  • Alternative fuels: Replacing coal and petcoke with biomass, agricultural residues, and refuse-derived fuels can significantly lower carbon intensity.
  • Green power integration: Utilisation of solar, wind, and hybrid renewable solutions in auxiliary operations (grinding, material handling, etc.) ensures indirect emissions are reduced.

Case studies

  • Ambuja Cements (India) has installed waste heat recovery systems across multiple plants, reducing dependency on fossil fuels and cutting CO2 emissions.
  • CEMEX (Mexico) has adopted alternative fuels at a massive scale, with some plants operating on more than 80 per cent non-fossil fuel share.

For countries like India, where cement demand is still growing, integrating efficiency measures with renewable energy can yield rapid decarbonisation gains.

2. Cement innovations: Rethinking the product itself
The second ‘C’ focuses on redefining what cement is and how it is made. Since clinker production is the largest source of process emissions, lowering clinker factor is central to innovation.

  • Blended cements: Increased utilisation of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly ash, slag, silica fume and calcined clays can replace a portion of clinker while maintaining strength and durability.
  • Novel binders: Research is advancing in alternative binders like geopolymers and limestone calcined clay cement (LC3), which can reduce emissions by up to 40 per cent compared to ordinary
    Portland cement.
  • Circular economy integration: Industrial by-products (steel slag, red mud and other
    mineral wastes) can be valorised into cementitious materials, reducing both environmental burden and resource dependency.
  • Digital innovations: AI-driven mix design optimisation can ensure maximum performance with lower carbon content.

Case studies

  • NTPC Ltd (India) has been a pioneer in fly ash utilisation, supplying millions of tonnes annually to cement manufacturers, turning a waste product into a valuable resource.
  • Dalmia Cement (India) has adopted a carbon-negative vision by pushing for low-clinker cement and exploring alternative binders.
  • LC3 Project (Switzerland, India, and Cuba) demonstrated at pilot scale that calcined clay + limestone blends can reduce emissions by 30-40 per cent, offering a scalable solution for emerging economies.

In India, the synergy between power plants and cement units highlights how industrial symbiosis can accelerate innovation.

3. Carbon capture and utilisation: Closing the loop
Even with aggressive efficiency measures and material innovations, residual emissions from calcination will remain a challenge. This is where CCU technologies come in.

  • Carbon capture: Advanced post-combustion capture systems (amine scrubbing, oxy-fuel combustion and emerging solid sorbents) are being piloted globally in cement kilns.
  • Carbon utilisation: Captured CO2 can be converted into value-added products-carbonated aggregates, synthetic fuels, or even used in curing processes for concrete. Such solutions not only mitigate emissions but also create new revenue streams.
  • Carbon storage: Where utilisation is not feasible, geological storage offers a long-term abatement pathway.

Case studies

  • Lafarge Holcim’s plant in Brevik (Norway) is building the world’s first full-scale carbon capture facility for cement, capable of capturing 400,000 tonnes of CO2 annually.
  • Dalmia Cement (India) has announced plans to build a large-scale carbon capture facility at its Tamil Nadu plant, with a target of capturing 500,000 tonnes of CO2 per year.
  • Solidia Technologies (USA) has developed a process where concrete cures with CO2 instead of water, permanently locking in carbon while reducing cement use.

These pilots demonstrate that CCU is not a distant dream – it is already being tested and scaled.

The road ahead
The cement industry’s decarbonisation journey is both a technological and policy challenge. A mix of regulatory frameworks, carbon pricing, green financing and stakeholder collaboration will be essential to accelerate adoption of the 3Cs.
For India, which is expected to remain the second-largest producer and consumer of cement, the 3Cs framework aligns with national goals of Net Zero by 2070. As power and cement sectors increasingly converge-through ash utilisation, renewable integration, and CCU-the scope for cross-industry partnerships is immense.
Ultimately, the 3Cs of decarbonisation represent more than strategies; they embody the industry’s commitment to building not just infrastructure, but a sustainable future.

References:
• L. Marques, M. Vieira, J. Condeo, H. Sousa, C. Henriques, M. M. Mateus, “Review of Power-to-Liquid (PtL) Technology for Renewable Methanol (e-MeOH): Recent Developments, Emerging Trends and Prospects for the Cement Plant Industry,” None, 2024. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202409.0956.v1
• V. Mittal, L. Dosan, “System Dynamics Modelling of Cement Industry Decarbonization Pathways: An Analysis of Carbon Reduction Strategies,” Sustainability, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17157128
• I. Bolbot, O. Slovikovskyi, “Multi-Physics Modelling and Adaptive Control of Gas Burner Systems for Enhanced Energy Efficiency and Emission Reduction in Cement Drying Processes,” None, 2025. https://doi.org/10.33042/2079-424x.2025.64.2.01
• K. Sun, J. Sun, C. Bu, L. Jiang, C. Zhao, “Historical Drivers and Reduction Paths of CO2 Emissions in Jiangsus Cement Industry,” C++ Conference, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/c11010020
• T. Nayab, T. Ahmed, “CO2 Mitigation of a Cement Industry in North Macedonia, Balkans Peninsula: A Short Review,” Environmental Contaminants Reviews, 2024. https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2024.32.36
• F. Branger, P. Quirion, “Reaping the Carbon Rent: Abatement and Overallocation Profits in the European Cement Industry, Insights from an LMDI Decomposition Analysis,” RELX Group (Netherlands), 2014. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2497474
• J. A. Brefo, A. K. Osei, J. A. Opoku, “Sustainable Low-Carbon Cement Technologies for Reducing U.S. Construction Carbon Emissions,” None, 2025. https://doi.org/10.51594/estj.v6i6.1954
• J. Glvez Martos, R. Chaliulina, A. Elhoweris, J. A. Mwanda, A. Hakki, Y. Alhorr, “Techno-Economic Assessment of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Clinker Production Using Elemental Sulfur as Raw Material,” Elsevier BV, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126888
• Q. Su et al., “Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Load Management in the Cement Industry,” Systems, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13070611
• K. Kaptan, S. Cunha, J. Aguiar, “A Review: Construction and Demolition Waste as a Novel Source for CO2 Reduction in Portland Cement Production for Concrete,” Sustainability, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020585

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
Dr Avijit Mondal, Scientist, NTPC Energy Technology Research Alliance (NETRA), has an extensive research experience in materials processing, powder metallurgy, and advanced characterisation techniques.

Concrete

Our strategy is to establish reliable local partnerships

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Jean-Jacques Bois, President, Nanolike, discusses how real-time data is reshaping cement delivery planning and fleet performance.

As cement producers look to extract efficiency gains beyond the plant gate, real-time visibility and data-driven logistics are becoming critical levers of competitiveness. In this interview with Jean-Jacques Bois, President, Nanolike, we discover how the company is helping cement brands optimise delivery planning by digitally connecting RMC silos, improving fleet utilisation and reducing overall logistics costs.

How does SiloConnect enable cement plants to optimise delivery planning and logistics in real time?
In simple terms, SiloConnect is a solution developed to help cement suppliers optimise their logistics by connecting RMC silos in real time, ensuring that the right cement is delivered at the right time and to the right location. The core objective is to provide real-time visibility of silo levels at RMC plants, allowing cement producers to better plan deliveries.
SiloConnect connects all the silos of RMC plants in real time and transmits this data remotely to the logistics teams of cement suppliers. With this information, they can decide when to dispatch trucks, how to prioritise customers, and how to optimise fleet utilisation. The biggest savings we see today are in logistics efficiency. Our customers are able to sell and ship more cement using the same fleet. This is achieved by increasing truck rotation, optimising delivery routes, and ultimately delivering the same volumes at a lower overall logistics cost.
Additionally, SiloConnect is designed as an open platform. It offers multiple connectors that allow data to be transmitted directly to third-party ERP systems. For example, it can integrate seamlessly with SAP or other major ERP platforms, enabling automatic order creation whenever replenishment is required.

How does your non-exclusive sensor design perform in the dusty, high-temperature, and harsh operating conditions typical of cement plants?
Harsh operating conditions such as high temperatures, heavy dust, extreme cold in some regions, and even heavy rainfall are all factored into the product design. These environmental challenges are considered from the very beginning of the development process.
Today, we have thousands of sensors operating reliably across a wide range of geographies, from northern Canada to Latin America, as well as in regions with heavy rainfall and extremely high temperatures, such as southern Europe. This extensive field experience demonstrates that, by design, the SiloConnect solution is highly robust and well-suited for demanding cement plant environments.

Have you initiated any pilot projects in India, and what outcomes do you expect from them?
We are at the very early stages of introducing SiloConnect in India. Recently, we installed our
first sensor at an RMC plant in collaboration with FDC Concrete, marking our initial entry into the Indian market.
In parallel, we are in discussions with a leading cement producer in India to potentially launch a pilot project within the next three months. The goal of these pilots is to demonstrate real-time visibility, logistics optimisation and measurable efficiency gains, paving the way for broader adoption across the industry.

What are your long-term plans and strategic approach for working with Indian cement manufacturers?
For India, our strategy is to establish strong and reliable local partnerships, which will allow us to scale the technology effectively. We believe that on-site service, local presence, and customer support are critical to delivering long-term value to cement producers.
Ideally, our plan is to establish an Indian entity within the next 24 months. This will enable us to serve customers more closely, provide faster support and contribute meaningfully to the digital transformation of logistics and supply chain management in the Indian cement industry.

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Economy & Market

Power Build’s Core Gear Series

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A deep dive into Core Gear Series of products M, C, F and K, by Power Build, and how they represent precision in motion.

At the heart of every high-performance industrial system lies the need for robust, reliable, and efficient power transmission. Power Build answers this need with its flagship geared motor series: M, C, F and K. Each series is meticulously engineered to serve specific operational demands while maintaining the universal promise of durability, efficiency, and performance.

Series M – Helical Inline Geared Motors
Compact and powerful, the Series M delivers exceptional drive solutions for a broad range of applications. With power handling up to 160kW and torque capacity reaching 20,000 Nm, it is the trusted solution for industries requiring quiet operation, high efficiency, and space-saving design. Series M is available with multiple mounting and motor options, making it a versatile choice for manufacturers and OEMs globally.

Series C – Right Angled Heli-Worm Geared Motors
Combining the benefits of helical and worm gearing, the Series C is designed for right-angled power transmission. With gear ratios of up to 16,000:1 and torque capacities of up to 10,000 Nm, this series is optimal for applications demanding precision in compact spaces. Industries looking for a smooth, low-noise operation with maximum torque efficiency rely on Series C for dependable performance.

Series F – Parallel Shaft Mounted Geared Motors
Built for endurance in the most demanding environments, Series F is widely adopted in steel plants, hoists, cranes and heavy-duty conveyors. Offering torque up to 10,000 Nm and high gear ratios up to 20,000:1, this product features an integral torque arm and diverse output configurations to meet industry-specific challenges head-on.

Series K – Right Angle Helical Bevel Geared Motors
For industries seeking high efficiency and torque-heavy performance, Series K is the answer. This right-angled geared motor series delivers torque up to 50,000 Nm, making it a preferred choice in core infrastructure sectors such as cement, power, mining and material handling. Its flexibility in mounting and broad motor options offer engineers the freedom in design and reliability in execution.
Together, these four series reflect Power Build’s commitment to excellence in mechanical power transmission. From compact inline designs to robust right-angle drives, each geared motor is a result of decades of engineering innovation, customer-focused design and field-tested reliability. Whether the requirement is speed control, torque multiplication or space efficiency, Radicon’s Series M, C, F and K stand as trusted powerhouses for global industries.

http://www.powerbuild.in
Call: +919727719344

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Concrete

Compliance and growth go hand in h and

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Pankaj Kejriwal, Whole Time Director and COO, Star Cement, on driving efficiency today and designing sustainability for tomorrow.

In an era where the cement industry is under growing pressure to decarbonise while scaling capacity, Star Cement is charting a pragmatic yet forward-looking path. In this conversation, Pankaj Kejriwal, Whole Time Director and COO, Star Cement, shares how the company is leveraging waste heat recovery, alternative fuels, low-carbon products and clean energy innovations to balance operational efficiency with long-term sustainability.

How has your Lumshnong plant implemented the 24.8 MW Waste Heat Recovery System (WHRS), and what impact has it had on thermal substitution and energy costs?
Earlier, the cost of coal in the Northeast was quite reasonable, but over the past few years, global price increases have also impacted the region. We implemented the WHRS project about five years ago, and it has resulted in significant savings by reducing our overall power costs.
That is why we first installed WHRS in our older kilns, and now it has also been incorporated into our new projects. Going forward, WHRS will be essential for any cement plant. We are also working on utilising the waste gases exiting the WHRS, which are still at around 100 degrees Celsius. To harness this residual heat, we are exploring systems based on the Organic Rankine Cycle, which will allow us to extract additional power from the same process.

With the launch of Star Smart Building Solutions and AAC blocks, how are you positioning yourself in the low-carbon construction materials segment?
We are actively working on low-carbon cement products and are currently evaluating LC3 cement. The introduction of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks provided us with an effective entry into the consumer-facing segment of the industry. Since we already share a strong dealer network across products, this segment fits well into our overall strategy.
This move is clearly supporting our transition towards products with lower carbon intensity and aligns with our broader sustainability roadmap.

With a diverse product portfolio, what are the key USPs that enable you to support India’s ongoing infrastructure projects across sectors?
Cement requirements vary depending on application. There is OPC, PPC and PSC cement, and each serves different infrastructure needs. We manufacture blended cements as well, which allows us to supply products according to specific project requirements.
For instance, hydroelectric projects, including those with NHPC, have their own technical norms, which we are able to meet. From individual home builders to road infrastructure, dam projects, and regions with heavy monsoon exposure, where weather-shield cement is required, we are equipped to serve all segments. Our ability to tailor cement solutions across diverse climatic and infrastructure conditions is a key strength.

How are you managing biomass usage, circularity, and waste reduction across
your operations?

The Northeast has been fortunate in terms of biomass availability, particularly bamboo. Earlier, much of this bamboo was supplied to paper plants, but many of those facilities have since shut down. As a result, large quantities of bamboo biomass are now available, which we utilise in our thermal power plants, achieving a Thermal Substitution Rate (TSR) of nearly 60 per cent.
We have also started using bamboo as a fuel in our cement kilns, where the TSR is currently around 10 per cent to 12 per cent and is expected to increase further. From a circularity perspective, we extensively use fly ash, which allows us to reuse a major industrial waste product. Additionally, waste generated from HDPE bags is now being processed through our alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) systems. These initiatives collectively support our circular economy objectives.

As Star Cement expands, what are the key logistical and raw material challenges you face in scaling operations?
Fly ash availability in the Northeast is a constraint, as there are no major thermal power plants in the region. We currently source fly ash from Bihar and West Bengal, which adds significant logistics costs. However, supportive railway policies have helped us manage this challenge effectively.
Beyond the Northeast, we are also expanding into other regions, including the western region, to cater to northern markets. We have secured limestone mines through auctions and are now in the process of identifying and securing other critical raw material resources to support this expansion.

With increasing carbon regulations alongside capacity expansion, how do you balance compliance while sustaining growth?
Compliance and growth go hand in hand for us. On the product side, we are working on LC3 cement and other low-carbon formulations. Within our existing product portfolio, we are optimising operations by increasing the use of green fuels and improving energy efficiency to reduce our carbon footprint.
We are also optimising thermal energy consumption and reducing electrical power usage. Notably, we are the first cement company in the Northeast to deploy EV tippers at scale for limestone transportation from mines to plants. Additionally, we have installed belt conveyors for limestone transfer, which further reduces emissions. All these initiatives together help us achieve regulatory compliance while supporting expansion.

Looking ahead to 2030 and 2050, what are the key innovation and sustainability priorities for Star Cement?
Across the cement industry, carbon capture is emerging as a major focus area, and we are also planning to work actively in this space. In parallel, we see strong potential in green hydrogen and are investing in solar power plants to support this transition.
With the rapid adoption of solar energy, power costs have reduced dramatically – from 10–12 per unit to around2.5 per unit. This reduction will enable the production of green hydrogen at scale. Once available, green hydrogen can be used for electricity generation, to power EV fleets, and even as a fuel in cement kilns.
Burning green hydrogen produces only water and oxygen, eliminating carbon emissions from that part of the process. While process-related CO2 emissions from limestone calcination remain a challenge, carbon capture technologies will help address this. Ultimately, while becoming a carbon-negative industry is challenging, it is a goal we must continue to work towards.

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