Connect with us

Economy & Market

The Indian Gypsum Scenario | What lies ahead?

Published

on

Shares

The gypsum demand-supply deficit in India will cumulatively widen to nearly 105 million tonnes from 2017-2031, creating a lucrative market for Omani gypsum, says Ramachandran, Director, Zawawi Gypsum LLC.
The Indian cement industry’s output is expected to touch 400 million tonnes (MT) by 2021, rising to over 600 MT by 2026 and nearly 870 MT by 2031.
In 2015-2016, the industry imported over 4 MT of gypsum, and the imported gypsum demand in India is expected to go over 10 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) by 2021, around 20 MTPA by 2026 and over 33 MTPA by 2031.
The industry’s cumulative imported gypsum demand will be 37 MT during 2017-2021, over 116 MT from 2017-2026 and over 254 MT (2017-2031), driven primarily by strong growth in the cement production segments.Local gypsum availability
Historically, India’s annual supply of cement-grade natural gypsum is only around 3 MT per year due to non-viability of mining of deep seated gypsum reserves in Rajasthan. By and large, the entire production of gypsum is from Rajasthan state (99 per cent), and the state has over 90 per cent of the country’s gypsum reserves.
Gypsum prices are regulated by the Rajasthan government and over 95 per cent of its deep-seated gypsum reserves are not economically viable for mining at current prices. Furthermore, the annual production quantities have started decreasing.
As per IBM, as on 1st April, 2010, Indian gypsum resources were estimated at 1,286 MT of which 39 MT have been placed under ‘mineable reserves’ and 1,247 MT under the ‘resources’ category, which are deep seated and not feasible for mining.
Annual production of phospho-gypsum in India is around 6 MT. Phospho-gypsum supplies will be constrained by issues revolving around rock phosphate availability for DAP (Diammonium Phosphate) production. Hence, phospho-gypsum supply to the cement industry will continue to be around 6-7 MTPA. Marine gypsum supply is of a very negligible quantity. Ergo, local gypsum supply will continue to be below 10 MTPA per year.Will Thailand Cash In?
Asia’s current dominant supplier Thailand is unlikely to capitalise on its gypsum resources due to local supply constraints anticipated in the future.
Thailand’s gypsum exports are controlled by the country’s Department of Primary Industries and Mines (DPIM) through non-issuance of new mining licences, and exports are strictly under a non-marketable quota system. As the part of strategies for maximising the economic and social benefit accrued to the country from the export of gypsum resources, DPIM is setting the gypsum FOB selling price. Presently the FOB price is $18.50 per tonne.
Gypsum exports from Thailand to India could drop to zero in coming years, and most of the existing Asian customers of Thai gypsum are actively scouting for gypsum supply from Oman.
India’s natural gypsum production has started decreasingNatural gypsum supply from Iran
Historically, Iran’s local construction industry consumes around 90 per cent of its total gypsum production (over 14 MTPA) and the balance quantity of around 10 per cent is exported mainly to the UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, and a few other Asian countries.
Local gypsum demand in Iran is expected to double in coming years along with major increase in the local selling price due to massive expansion of infrastructure and housing projects. Considering the increasing local demand, Tehran’s gypsum exports are expected to remain capped at around 10 per cent of total production.
In any event, 80 per cent of Iran’s natural gypsum resources and production is in the country’s Semnan province, situated in the central north of the country, over 1,200 km from the major port on the Gulf of Aden. This, as such, renders the gypsum uneconomical for export. The remaining 20 per cent of the resources and pro-duction is in the south of the country (around the Juyon area), and is partially available for export.
Furthermore, the construction industries in the UAE and Qatar will continue to expand, with investment in infrastructure, commercial, residential and energy projects continuing to drive growth. The FIFA World Cup 2022, World Expo 2020, housing and several infrastructure projects in the UAE and Qatar have started driving cement demand, which could lead to an increase in demand of imported gypsum.
In coming years, Iranian gypsum supply will be largely limited to the UAE, Qatar, and Kuwait and very limited quantities to the Indian west coast.
Gypsum exports from Oman have been growing at a phenomenal paceGypsum exports from Oman
Oman is on track to being crowned as the world’s largest exporter of natural gypsum by 2018 on the back of surging output that underscores the immense potential of the Sultanate’s mining sector to fuel the nation’s long-term economic development.
Exports are projected to surpass 8 MT per annum in 2018, up from 5.85 MT at the end of 2016 – a phenomenal increase that industry experts say will position the Sultanate as a global supplier of minerals in the coming years. Oman’s growing prominence as an exporter of gypsum – a basic raw material for cement and gypsum board manufacturing – comes against a backdrop of soaring demand from several Asian, African and Far Eastern nations. At the same time, major suppliers, notably Thailand, are drastically limiting exports to feed their own domestic industries.
Omani gypsum export volumes have jumped a phenomenal 20-fold over the past five years, from a mere 0.30 MT in 2010 to 5.85 MT last year. This increase has been driven primarily by galloping demand in India, Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Bangladesh. For all the known reasons, Oman has emerged as the single most important source for high-grade natural gypsum for cement and gypsum board manufacturers across Asia and South and East Africa.
In a major development that bodes well for a strong uptick in Omani gypsum exports, top executives of the leading gypsum mining companies have unanimously endorsed new regulations issued by the Public Authority for Mining (PAM) prescribing a minimum FOB export price for gypsum.
The endorsement came at a meeting of company chief executives held earlier this year.
Also at the meeting, the attendees agreed to establish the ‘Oman Gypsum Association (OGA)’, a non-profit pan-industry grouping that advocates for, among other things, best practices in gypsum mining, community support initiatives, and minimum FOB pricing limits that consider
Asian demand and supply, and other measures aimed at supporting the growth of the domestic gypsum industry.
Alarmed by a downtrend in gypsum export prices, attributed to unhealthy undercutting by some players, PAM stepped in last month to fix a minimum export FOB price for raw gypsum at $12.50 per tonne with effect from December 2016.
Consequently, Omani gypsum exporters are barred from exporting raw gypsum below this designated price. Those found in breach of this regulation will be denied export permits, while repeat offenders are liable to have their mining licenses cancelled altogether.
Gypsum exports have the potential to drive GDP growth through enhanced non-oil exports.
During 2010-2013, Omani gypsum used to be traded at the FOB price of above $14.50 per tonne. However, despite the Sultanate’s obvious advantageous geographical position in exporting gypsum to Asian countries, Omani gypsum
was traded at far lower FOB prices during 2014 and beyond.
This peculiar situation was the result of price undercutting by Omani exporters due to lack of coordination between gypsum exporters, to the detriment of the export industry and the wider Omani economy in general.
Asian cement and gypsum board manufacturers, who are the main consumers of imported gypsum, have already started to face supply and pricing challenges – a trend that is likely to continue in the coming years. Identifying and ensuring a consistent supply of gypsum has become im-perative for cement and gypsum board producers.
After factoring in Omani gypsum supplies to the Asian market, there is still a supply deficit, which opens up opportunities for Turkey, Spain, Mexico, etc., all countries that can target the Indian market, but the landed cost of their exports will be far higher compared to Omani gypsum. The tightening demand-supply scenario will be reflected in an upward trend in Omani gypsum FOB prices, going forward. BASE LINE SCENARIO – INDIAN CEMENT PRODUCTION VS GYPSUM DEMAND & SUPPLY FROM 2017 – 2031 (QTY. IN MILLION TONS)

About the author
(The author is Director, Zawawi Gypsum LLC, a JV between ZML USG and Boral. He holds a degree in International Business Administration and has also undergone several professional training courses including Business Building, Corporate Finance and Strategy, Leadership Management and Relationship Management. Ramachandran established Zawawi Minerals LLC in 2009).Quick Bytes

  • Local gypsum supply will continue to be below 10 MTPA;
  • Asia’s current dominant supplier Thailand is unlikely to capitalise on its remaining gypsum resources due to local supply constraints anticipated in the future
  • Supply from Iran will be restricted to the UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, and the west coast of India, among other regions;
  • The Sultanate of Oman will become a significant supplier on the back of its rapidly growing gypsum industry.

Thus, even with an aggressive upside supply scenario from Oman, the gypsum demand-supply deficit in India will widen cumulatively to over 5 MT between 2017 to 2021, over 33 MT between 2017-2026, and nearly 105 MT between 2017-2031, crea-ting a lucrative market for Omani gypsum.

Continue Reading
Click to comment

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Economy & Market

Smart Pumping for Rock Blasting

Published

on

By

Shares

SEEPEX introduces BN pumps with Smart Joint Access (SJA) to improve efficiency, reliability, and inspection speed in demanding rock blasting operations.
Designed for abrasive and chemical media, the solution supports precise dosing, reduced downtime, and enhanced operational safety.

SEEPEX has introduced BN pumps with Smart Joint Access (SJA), engineered for the reliable and precise transfer of abrasive, corrosive, and chemical media in mining and construction. Designed for rock blasting, the pump features a large inspection opening for quick joint checks, a compact footprint for mobile or skid-mounted installations, and flexible drive and material options for consistent performance and uptime.

“Operators can inspect joints quickly and rely on precise pumping of shear-sensitive and abrasive emulsions,” said Magalie Levray, Global Business Development Manager Mining at SEEPEX. “This is particularly critical in rock blasting, where every borehole counts for productivity.” Industry Context

Rock blasting is essential for extracting hard rock and shaping safe excavation profiles in mining and construction. Accurate and consistent loading of explosive emulsions ensures controlled fragmentation, protects personnel, and maximizes productivity. Even minor deviations in pumping can cause delays or reduce product quality. BN pumps with SJA support routine maintenance and pre-operation checks by allowing fast verification of joint integrity, enabling more efficient operations.

Always Inspection Ready

Smart Joint Access is designed for inspection-friendly operations. The large inspection opening in the suction housing provides direct access to both joints, enabling rapid pre-operation checks while maintaining high operational reliability. Technicians can assess joint condition quickly, supporting continuous, reliable operation.

Key Features

  • Compact Footprint: Fits truck-mounted mobile units, skid-mounted systems, and factory installations.
  • Flexible Drive Options: Compact hydraulic drive or electric drive configurations.
  • Hydraulic Efficiency: Low-displacement design reduces oil requirements and supports low total cost of ownership.
  • Equal Wall Stator Design: Ensures high-pressure performance in a compact footprint.
  • Material Flexibility: Stainless steel or steel housings, chrome-plated rotors, and stators in NBR, EPDM, or FKM.

Operators benefit from shorter inspection cycles, reliable dosing, seamless integration, and fast delivery through framework agreements, helping to maintain uptime in critical rock blasting processes.

Applications – Optimized for Rock Blasting

BN pumps with SJA are designed for mining, tunneling, quarrying, civil works, dam construction, and other sectors requiring precise handling of abrasive or chemical media. They provide robust performance while enabling fast, reliable inspection and maintenance.With SJA, operators can quickly access both joints without disassembly, ensuring emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently. This reduces downtime, preserves product integrity, and supports uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.

With the Smart Joint Access inspection opening, operators can quickly access and assess the condition of both joints without disassembly, enabling immediate verification of pump readiness prior to blast hole loading. This allows operators to confirm that emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently, protecting personnel, minimizing product degradation, and maintaining uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.

The combination of equal wall stator design, compact integration, flexible drives, and progressive cavity pump technology ensures continuous, reliable operation even in space-limited, high-pressure environments.

From Inspection to Operation

A leading explosives provider implemented BN pumps with SJA in open pit and underground operations. By replacing legacy pumps, inspection cycles were significantly shortened, allowing crews to complete pre-operation checks and return mobile units to productive work faster. Direct joint access through SJA enabled immediate verification, consistent emulsion dosing, and reduced downtime caused by joint-related deviations.

“The inspection opening gives immediate confidence that each joint is secure before proceeding to bore holes,” said a site technician. “It allows us to act quickly, keeping blasting schedules on track.”

Framework agreements ensured rapid pump supply and minimal downtime, supporting multi-site operations across continents

Continue Reading

Concrete

Digital process control is transforming grinding

Published

on

By

Shares

Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, delves into how digital intelligence is transforming cement grinding into a predictive, stable, and energy-efficient operation.

Grinding sits at the heart of cement manufacturing, accounting for the largest share of electrical energy consumption. In this interview, Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, explains how advanced grinding technologies, data-driven optimisation and process intelligence are transforming mill performance, reducing power consumption and supporting the industry’s decarbonisation goals.

How has the grinding process evolved in Indian cement plants to meet rising efficiency and sustainability expectations?
Over the past decade, Indian cement plants have seen a clear evolution in grinding technology, moving from conventional open-circuit ball mills to high-efficiency closed-circuit systems, Roller Press–Ball Mill combinations and Vertical Roller Mills (VRMs). This shift has been supported by advances in separator design, improved wear-resistant materials, and the growing use of digital process automation. As a result, grinding units today operate as highly controlled manufacturing systems where real-time data, process intelligence and efficient separation work together to deliver stable and predictable performance.
From a sustainability perspective, these developments directly reduce specific power consumption, improve equipment reliability and lower the carbon footprint per tonne of cement produced.

How critical is grinding optimisation in reducing specific power consumption across ball mills and VRMs?
Grinding is the largest consumer of electrical energy in a cement plant, which makes optimisation one of the most effective levers for improving energy efficiency. In ball mill systems, optimisation through correct media selection, charge design, diaphragm configuration, ventilation management and separator tuning can typically deliver power savings of 5 per cent to 8 per cent. In VRMs, fine-tuning airflow balance, grinding pressure, nozzle ring settings, and circulating load can unlock energy reductions in the range of 8 per cent to 12 per cent. Across both systems, sustained operation under stable conditions is critical. Consistency in mill loading and operating parameters improves quality control, reduces wear, and enables long-term energy efficiency, making stability a key operational KPI.

What challenges arise in maintaining consistent cement quality when using alternative raw materials and blended compositions?
The increased use of alternative raw materials and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) introduces variability in chemistry, moisture, hardness, and loss on ignition. This variability makes it more challenging to maintain consistent fineness, particle size distribution, throughput and downstream performance parameters such as setting time, strength development and workability.
As clinker substitution levels rise, grinding precision becomes increasingly important. Even small improvements in consistency enable higher SCM utilisation without compromising cement performance.
Addressing these challenges requires stronger feed homogenisation, real-time quality monitoring and dynamic adjustment of grinding parameters so that output quality remains stable despite changing input characteristics.

How is digital process control changing the way grinding performance is optimised?
Digital process control is transforming grinding from an operator-dependent activity into a predictive, model-driven operation. Technologies such as online particle size and residue analysers, AI-based optimisation platforms, digital twins for VRMs and Roller Press systems, and advanced process control solutions are redefining how performance is managed.
At the same time, workforce roles are evolving. Operators are increasingly focused on interpreting data trends through digital dashboards and responding proactively rather than relying on manual interventions. Together, these tools improve mill stability, enable faster response to disturbances, maintain consistent fineness, and reduce specific energy consumption while minimising manual effort.

How do you see grinding technologies supporting the industry’s low-clinker and decarbonisation goals?
Modern grinding technologies are central to the industry’s decarbonisation efforts. They enable higher incorporation of SCMs such as fly ash, slag, and limestone, improve particle fineness and reactivity, and reduce overall power consumption. Efficient grinding makes it possible to maintain consistent cement quality at lower clinker factors. Every improvement in energy intensity and particle engineering directly contributes to lower CO2 emissions.
As India moves toward low-carbon construction, precision grinding will remain a foundational capability for delivering sustainable, high-performance cement aligned with national and global climate objectives.

How much potential does grinding optimisation hold for immediate energy
and cost savings?
The potential for near-term savings is substantial. Without major capital investment, most plants can achieve 5 per cent to 15 per cent power reduction through measures such as improving separator efficiency, optimising ventilation, refining media grading, and fine-tuning operating parameters.
With continued capacity expansion across India, advanced optimisation tools will help ensure that productivity gains are not matched by proportional increases in energy demand. Given current power costs, this translates into direct and measurable financial benefits, making grinding optimisation one of the fastest-payback operational initiatives available to cement manufacturers today.

Continue Reading

Concrete

Refractory demands in our kiln have changed

Published

on

By

Shares

Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, points out why performance, predictability and life-cycle value now matter more than routine replacement in cement kilns.

As Indian cement plants push for higher throughput, increased alternative fuel usage and tighter shutdown cycles, refractory performance in kilns and pyro-processing systems is under growing pressure. In this interview, Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, shares how refractory demands have evolved on the ground and how smarter digital monitoring is improving kiln stability, uptime and clinker quality.

How have refractory demands changed in your kiln and pyro-processing line over the last five years?
Over the last five years, refractory demands in our kiln and pyro line have changed. Earlier, the focus was mostly on standard grades and routine shutdown-based replacement. But now, because of higher production loads, more alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) usage and greater temperature variation, the expectation from refractory has increased.
In our own case, the current kiln refractory has already completed around 1.5 years, which itself shows how much more we now rely on materials that can handle thermal shock, alkali attack and coating fluctuations. We have moved towards more stable, high-performance linings so that we don’t have to enter the kiln frequently for repairs.
Overall, the shift has been from just ‘installation and run’ to selecting refractories that give longer life, better coating behaviour and more predictable performance under tougher operating conditions.

What are the biggest refractory challenges in the preheater, calciner and cooler zones?
• Preheater: Coating instability, chloride/sulphur cycles and brick erosion.
• Calciner: AFR firing, thermal shock and alkali infiltration.
• Cooler: Severe abrasion, red-river formation and mechanical stress on linings.
Overall, the biggest challenge is maintaining lining stability under highly variable operating conditions.

How do you evaluate and select refractory partners for long-term performance?
In real plant conditions, we don’t select a refractory partner just by looking at price. First, we see their past performance in similar kilns and whether their material has actually survived our operating conditions. We also check how strong their technical support is during shutdowns, because installation quality matters as much as the material itself.
Another key point is how quickly they respond during breakdowns or hot spots. A good partner should be available on short notice. We also look at their failure analysis capability, whether they can explain why a lining failed and suggest improvements.
On top of this, we review the life they delivered in the last few campaigns, their supply reliability and their willingness to offer plant-specific custom solutions instead of generic grades. Only a partner who supports us throughout the life cycle, which includes selection, installation, monitoring and post-failure analysis, fits our long-term requirement.

Can you share a recent example where better refractory selection improved uptime or clinker quality?
Recently, we upgraded to a high-abrasion basic brick at the kiln outlet. Earlier we had frequent chipping and coating loss. With the new lining, thermal stability improved and the coating became much more stable. As a result, our shutdown interval increased and clinker quality remained more consistent. It had a direct impact on our uptime.

How is increased AFR use affecting refractory behaviour?
Increased AFR use is definitely putting more stress on the refractory. The biggest issue we see daily is the rise in chlorine, alkalis and volatiles, which directly attack the lining, especially in the calciner and kiln inlet. AFR firing is also not as stable as conventional fuel, so we face frequent temperature fluctuations, which cause more thermal shock and small cracks in the lining.
Another real problem is coating instability. Some days the coating builds too fast, other days it suddenly drops, and both conditions impact refractory life. We also notice more dust circulation and buildup inside the calciner whenever the AFR mix changes, which again increases erosion.
Because of these practical issues, we have started relying more on alkali-resistant, low-porosity and better thermal shock–resistant materials to handle the additional stress coming from AFR.

What role does digital monitoring or thermal profiling play in your refractory strategy?
Digital tools like kiln shell scanners, IR imaging and thermal profiling help us detect weakening areas much earlier. This reduces unplanned shutdowns, helps identify hotspots accurately and allows us to replace only the critical sections. Overall, our maintenance has shifted from reactive to predictive, improving lining life significantly.

How do you balance cost, durability and installation speed during refractory shutdowns?
We focus on three points:
• Material quality that suits our thermal profile and chemistry.
• Installation speed, in fast turnarounds, we prefer monolithic.
• Life-cycle cost—the cheapest material is not the most economical. We look at durability, future downtime and total cost of ownership.
This balance ensures reliable performance without unnecessary expenditure.

What refractory or pyro-processing innovations could transform Indian cement operations?
Some promising developments include:
• High-performance, low-porosity and nano-bonded refractories
• Precast modular linings to drastically reduce shutdown time
• AI-driven kiln thermal analytics
• Advanced coating management solutions
• More AFR-compatible refractory mixes

These innovations can significantly improve kiln stability, efficiency and maintenance planning across the industry.

Continue Reading

Trending News

SUBSCRIBE TO THE NEWSLETTER

 

Don't miss out on valuable insights and opportunities to connect with like minded professionals.

 


    This will close in 0 seconds