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The 3Cs of Decarbonisation

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Dr Avijit Mondal, Scientist, NTPC Energy Technology Research Alliance (NETRA), explores the holistic pathway to decarbonise the cement industry and build a resilient, low-carbon future for India.

The global climate discourse has placed the spotlight firmly on hard-to-abate sectors, and the cement industry is one of the most critical among them. Cement is the backbone of modern infrastructure, but it also accounts for nearly 7-8 per cent of global CO2 emissions. As economies continue to grow, the demand for cement will persist-making decarbonisation strategies not just desirable but indispensable.
In this context, the 3Cs of decarbonisation – Cut emissions, Cement innovations, and Carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) – offer a comprehensive framework for reshaping the industry’s future.

1. Cut emissions: Driving efficiency and clean energy integration
The first step is to cut emissions at the source. Cement production is energy-intensive, and approximately 40 per cent of emissions come from fuel combustion in kilns. The rest originates from the calcination of limestone during clinker production. Cutting emissions, therefore, requires both process optimisation and energy transition.

  • Energy efficiency: Adoption of waste heat recovery systems, improved kiln design, and digitalisation-driven process control can reduce the thermal and electrical energy footprint.
  • Alternative fuels: Replacing coal and petcoke with biomass, agricultural residues, and refuse-derived fuels can significantly lower carbon intensity.
  • Green power integration: Utilisation of solar, wind, and hybrid renewable solutions in auxiliary operations (grinding, material handling, etc.) ensures indirect emissions are reduced.

Case studies

  • Ambuja Cements (India) has installed waste heat recovery systems across multiple plants, reducing dependency on fossil fuels and cutting CO2 emissions.
  • CEMEX (Mexico) has adopted alternative fuels at a massive scale, with some plants operating on more than 80 per cent non-fossil fuel share.

For countries like India, where cement demand is still growing, integrating efficiency measures with renewable energy can yield rapid decarbonisation gains.

2. Cement innovations: Rethinking the product itself
The second ‘C’ focuses on redefining what cement is and how it is made. Since clinker production is the largest source of process emissions, lowering clinker factor is central to innovation.

  • Blended cements: Increased utilisation of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly ash, slag, silica fume and calcined clays can replace a portion of clinker while maintaining strength and durability.
  • Novel binders: Research is advancing in alternative binders like geopolymers and limestone calcined clay cement (LC3), which can reduce emissions by up to 40 per cent compared to ordinary
    Portland cement.
  • Circular economy integration: Industrial by-products (steel slag, red mud and other
    mineral wastes) can be valorised into cementitious materials, reducing both environmental burden and resource dependency.
  • Digital innovations: AI-driven mix design optimisation can ensure maximum performance with lower carbon content.

Case studies

  • NTPC Ltd (India) has been a pioneer in fly ash utilisation, supplying millions of tonnes annually to cement manufacturers, turning a waste product into a valuable resource.
  • Dalmia Cement (India) has adopted a carbon-negative vision by pushing for low-clinker cement and exploring alternative binders.
  • LC3 Project (Switzerland, India, and Cuba) demonstrated at pilot scale that calcined clay + limestone blends can reduce emissions by 30-40 per cent, offering a scalable solution for emerging economies.

In India, the synergy between power plants and cement units highlights how industrial symbiosis can accelerate innovation.

3. Carbon capture and utilisation: Closing the loop
Even with aggressive efficiency measures and material innovations, residual emissions from calcination will remain a challenge. This is where CCU technologies come in.

  • Carbon capture: Advanced post-combustion capture systems (amine scrubbing, oxy-fuel combustion and emerging solid sorbents) are being piloted globally in cement kilns.
  • Carbon utilisation: Captured CO2 can be converted into value-added products-carbonated aggregates, synthetic fuels, or even used in curing processes for concrete. Such solutions not only mitigate emissions but also create new revenue streams.
  • Carbon storage: Where utilisation is not feasible, geological storage offers a long-term abatement pathway.

Case studies

  • Lafarge Holcim’s plant in Brevik (Norway) is building the world’s first full-scale carbon capture facility for cement, capable of capturing 400,000 tonnes of CO2 annually.
  • Dalmia Cement (India) has announced plans to build a large-scale carbon capture facility at its Tamil Nadu plant, with a target of capturing 500,000 tonnes of CO2 per year.
  • Solidia Technologies (USA) has developed a process where concrete cures with CO2 instead of water, permanently locking in carbon while reducing cement use.

These pilots demonstrate that CCU is not a distant dream – it is already being tested and scaled.

The road ahead
The cement industry’s decarbonisation journey is both a technological and policy challenge. A mix of regulatory frameworks, carbon pricing, green financing and stakeholder collaboration will be essential to accelerate adoption of the 3Cs.
For India, which is expected to remain the second-largest producer and consumer of cement, the 3Cs framework aligns with national goals of Net Zero by 2070. As power and cement sectors increasingly converge-through ash utilisation, renewable integration, and CCU-the scope for cross-industry partnerships is immense.
Ultimately, the 3Cs of decarbonisation represent more than strategies; they embody the industry’s commitment to building not just infrastructure, but a sustainable future.

References:
• L. Marques, M. Vieira, J. Condeo, H. Sousa, C. Henriques, M. M. Mateus, “Review of Power-to-Liquid (PtL) Technology for Renewable Methanol (e-MeOH): Recent Developments, Emerging Trends and Prospects for the Cement Plant Industry,” None, 2024. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202409.0956.v1
• V. Mittal, L. Dosan, “System Dynamics Modelling of Cement Industry Decarbonization Pathways: An Analysis of Carbon Reduction Strategies,” Sustainability, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17157128
• I. Bolbot, O. Slovikovskyi, “Multi-Physics Modelling and Adaptive Control of Gas Burner Systems for Enhanced Energy Efficiency and Emission Reduction in Cement Drying Processes,” None, 2025. https://doi.org/10.33042/2079-424x.2025.64.2.01
• K. Sun, J. Sun, C. Bu, L. Jiang, C. Zhao, “Historical Drivers and Reduction Paths of CO2 Emissions in Jiangsus Cement Industry,” C++ Conference, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/c11010020
• T. Nayab, T. Ahmed, “CO2 Mitigation of a Cement Industry in North Macedonia, Balkans Peninsula: A Short Review,” Environmental Contaminants Reviews, 2024. https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2024.32.36
• F. Branger, P. Quirion, “Reaping the Carbon Rent: Abatement and Overallocation Profits in the European Cement Industry, Insights from an LMDI Decomposition Analysis,” RELX Group (Netherlands), 2014. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2497474
• J. A. Brefo, A. K. Osei, J. A. Opoku, “Sustainable Low-Carbon Cement Technologies for Reducing U.S. Construction Carbon Emissions,” None, 2025. https://doi.org/10.51594/estj.v6i6.1954
• J. Glvez Martos, R. Chaliulina, A. Elhoweris, J. A. Mwanda, A. Hakki, Y. Alhorr, “Techno-Economic Assessment of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Clinker Production Using Elemental Sulfur as Raw Material,” Elsevier BV, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126888
• Q. Su et al., “Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Load Management in the Cement Industry,” Systems, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13070611
• K. Kaptan, S. Cunha, J. Aguiar, “A Review: Construction and Demolition Waste as a Novel Source for CO2 Reduction in Portland Cement Production for Concrete,” Sustainability, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020585

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
Dr Avijit Mondal, Scientist, NTPC Energy Technology Research Alliance (NETRA), has an extensive research experience in materials processing, powder metallurgy, and advanced characterisation techniques.

Concrete

FORNNAX Appoints Dieter Jerschl as Sales Partner for Central Europe

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FORNNAX TECHNOLOGY has appointed industry veteran Dieter Jerschl as its new sales partner in Germany to strengthen its presence across Central Europe. The partnership aims to accelerate the adoption of FORNNAX’s high-capacity, sustainable recycling solutions while building long-term regional capabilities.

FORNNAX TECHNOLOGY, one of the leading advanced recycling equipment manufacturers, has announced the appointment of a new sales partner in Germany as part of its strategic expansion into Central Europe. The company has entered into a collaborative agreement with Mr. Dieter Jerschl, a seasoned industry professional with over 20 years of experience in the shredding and recycling sector, to represent and promote FORNNAX’s solutions across key European markets.

Mr. Jerschl brings extensive expertise from his work with renowned companies such as BHS, Eldan, Vecoplan, and others. Over the course of his career, he has successfully led the deployment of both single machines and complete turnkey installations for a wide range of applications, including tyre recycling, cable recycling, municipal solid waste, e-waste, and industrial waste processing.

Speaking about the partnership, Mr. Jerschl said,
“I’ve known FORNNAX for over a decade and have followed their growth closely. What attracted me to this collaboration is their state-of-the-art & high-capacity technology, it is powerful, sustainable, and economically viable. There is great potential to introduce FORNNAX’s innovative systems to more markets across Europe, and I am excited to be part of that journey.”

The partnership will primarily focus on Central Europe, including Germany, Austria, and neighbouring countries, with the flexibility to extend the geographical scope based on project requirements and mutual agreement. The collaboration is structured to evolve over time, with performance-driven expansion and ongoing strategic discussions with FORNNAX’s management. The immediate priority is to build a strong project pipeline and enhance FORNNAX’s brand presence across the region.

FORNNAX’s portfolio of high-performance shredding and pre-processing solutions is well aligned with Europe’s growing demand for sustainable and efficient waste treatment technologies. By partnering with Mr. Jerschl—who brings deep market insight and established industry relationships—FORNNAX aims to accelerate adoption of its solutions and participate in upcoming recycling projects across the region.

As part of the partnership, Mr. Jerschl will also deliver value-added services, including equipment installation, maintenance, and spare parts support through a dedicated technical team. This local service capability is expected to ensure faster project execution, minimise downtime, and enhance overall customer experience.

Commenting on the long-term vision, Mr. Jerschl added,
“We are committed to increasing market awareness and establishing new reference projects across the region. My goal is not only to generate business but to lay the foundation for long-term growth. Ideally, we aim to establish a dedicated FORNNAX legal entity or operational site in Germany over the next five to ten years.”

For FORNNAX, this partnership aligns closely with its global strategy of expanding into key markets through strong regional representation. The company believes that local partnerships are critical for navigating complex market dynamics and delivering solutions tailored to region-specific waste management challenges.

“We see tremendous potential in the Central European market,” said Mr. Jignesh Kundaria, Director and CEO of FORNNAX.
“Partnering with someone as experienced and well-established as Mr. Jerschl gives us a strong foothold and allows us to better serve our customers. This marks a major milestone in our efforts to promote reliable, efficient and future-ready recycling solutions globally,” he added.

This collaboration further strengthens FORNNAX’s commitment to environmental stewardship, innovation, and sustainable waste management, supporting the transition toward a greener and more circular future.

 

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Concrete

Budget 2026–27 infra thrust and CCUS outlay to lift cement sector outlook

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Higher capex, city-led growth and CCUS funding improve demand visibility and decarbonisation prospects for cement

Mumbai

Cement manufacturers have welcomed the Union Budget 2026–27’s strong infrastructure thrust, with public capital expenditure increased to Rs 12.2 trillion, saying it reinforces infrastructure as the central engine of economic growth and strengthens medium-term prospects for the cement sector. In a statement, the Cement Manufacturers’ Association (CMA) has welcomed the Union budget 2026-27 for reinforcing the ambitions for the nation’s growth balancing the aspirations of the people through inclusivity inspired by the vision of Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India, for a Viksit Bharat by 2047 and Atmanirbharta.

The budget underscores India’s steady economic trajectory over the past 12 years, marked by fiscal discipline, sustained growth and moderate inflation, and offers strong demand visibility for infrastructure linked sectors such as cement.

The Budget’s strong infrastructure push, with public capital expenditure rising from Rs 11.2 trillion in fiscal year 2025–26 to Rs 12.2 trillion in fiscal year 2026–27, recognises infrastructure as the primary anchor for economic growth creating positive prospects for the Indian cement industry and improving long term visibility for the cement sector. The emphasis on Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities with populations above 5 lakh and the creation of City Economic Regions (CERs) with an allocation of Rs 50 billion per CER over five years, should accelerate construction activity across housing, transport and urban services, supporting broad based cement consumption.

Logistics and connectivity measures announced in the budget are particularly significant for the cement industry. The announcement of new dedicated freight corridors, the operationalisation of 20 additional National Waterways over the next five years, the launch of the Coastal Cargo Promotion Scheme to raise the modal share of waterways and coastal shipping from 6 per cent to 12 per cent by 2047, and the development of ship repair ecosystems should enhance multimodal freight efficiency, reduce logistics costs and improve the sector’s carbon footprint. The announcement of seven high speed rail corridors as growth corridors can be expected to further stimulate regional development and construction demand.

Commenting on the budget, Parth Jindal, President, Cement Manufacturers’ Association (CMA), said, “As India advances towards a Viksit Bharat, the three kartavya articulated in the Union Budget provide a clear context for the Nation’s growth and aspirations, combining economic momentum with capacity building and inclusive progress. The Cement Manufacturers’ Association (CMA) appreciates the Union Budget 2026-27 for the continued emphasis on manufacturing competitiveness, urban development and infrastructure modernisation, supported by over 350 reforms spanning GST simplification, labour codes, quality control rationalisation and coordinated deregulation with States. These reforms, alongside the Budget’s focus on Youth Power and domestic manufacturing capacity under Atmanirbharta, stand to strengthen the investment environment for capital intensive sectors such as Cement. The Union Budget 2026-27 reflects the Government’s focus on infrastructure led development emerging as a structural pillar of India’s growth strategy.”

He added, “The Rs 200 billion CCUS outlay for various sectors, including Cement, fundamentally alters the decarbonisation landscape for India’s emissions intensive industries. CCUS is a significant enabler for large scale decarbonisation of industries such as Cement and this intervention directly addresses the technology and cost requirements of the Cement sector in context. The Cement Industry, fully aligned with the Government of India’s Net Zero commitment by 2070, views this support as critical to enabling the adoption and scale up of CCUS technologies while continuing to meet the Country’s long term infrastructure needs.”

Dr Raghavpat Singhania, Vice President, CMA, said, “The government’s sustained infrastructure push supports employment, regional development and stronger local supply chains. Cement manufacturing clusters act as economic anchors across regions, generating livelihoods in construction, logistics and allied sectors. The budget’s focus on inclusive growth, execution and system level enablers creates a supportive environment for responsible and efficient expansion offering opportunities for economic growth and lending momentum to the cement sector. The increase in public capex to Rs 12.2 trillion, the focus on Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities, and the creation of City Economic Regions stand to strengthen the growth of the cement sector. We welcome the budget’s emphasis on tourism, cultural and social infrastructure, which should broaden construction activity across regions. Investments in tourism facilities, heritage and Buddhist circuits, regional connectivity in Purvodaya and North Eastern States, and the strengthening of emergency and trauma care infrastructure in district hospitals reinforce the cement sector’s role in enabling inclusive growth.”

CMA also noted the Government’s continued commitment to fiscal discipline, with the fiscal deficit estimated at 4.3 per cent of GDP in FY27, reinforcing macroeconomic stability and investor confidence.

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Concrete

JK Cement Crosses 31 MTPA Capacity with Commissioning of Buxar Plant in Bihar

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JK Cement has commissioned a 3 MTPA Grey Cement plant in Buxar, Bihar, taking its total capacity to 31.26 MTPA and placing it among India’s top five grey cement producers. The ₹500 crore investment strengthens the company’s national footprint while supporting Bihar’s infrastructure growth and local economic development.

JK Cement Ltd., one of India’s leading cement manufacturers, has announced the commissioning of its new state-of-the-art Grey Cement plant in Buxar, Bihar, marking a significant milestone in the company’s growth trajectory. With the commissioning of this facility, JK Cement’s total production capacity has increased to 31.26 million tonnes per annum (MTPA), enabling the company to cross the 30 MTPA threshold.

This expansion positions JK Cement among the top five Grey Cement manufacturers in India, strengthening its national footprint and reinforcing its long-term growth strategy.

Commenting on the strategic achievement, Dr Raghavpat Singhania, Managing Director, JK Cement, said, “Crossing 31 MTPA is a significant turning point in JK Cement’s expansion and demonstrates the scale, resilience, and aspirations of our company. In addition to making a significant contribution to Bihar’s development vision, the commissioning of our Buxar plant represents a strategic step towards expanding our national footprint. We are committed to developing top-notch manufacturing capabilities that boost India’s infrastructure development and generate long-term benefits for local communities.”

The Buxar plant has a capacity of 3 MTPA and is spread across 100 acres. Strategically located on the Patna–Buxar highway, the facility enables faster and more efficient distribution across Bihar and adjoining regions. While JK Cement entered the Bihar market last year through supplies from its Prayagraj plant, the Buxar facility will now allow the company to serve the state locally, with deliveries possible within 24 hours across Bihar.

Sharing his views on the expansion, Madhavkrishna Singhania, Joint Managing Director & CEO, JK Cement, said, “JK Cement is now among India’s top five producers of grey cement after the Buxar plant commissioning. Our capacity to serve Bihar locally, more effectively, and on a larger scale is strengthened by this facility. Although we had already entered the Bihar market last year using Prayagraj supplies, local manufacturing now enables us to be nearer to our clients and significantly raise service standards throughout the state. Buxar places us at the center of this chance to promote sustainable growth for both the company and the region in Bihar, a high-growth market with strong infrastructure momentum.”

The new facility represents a strategic step in supporting Bihar’s development vision by ensuring faster access to superior quality cement for infrastructure, housing, and commercial projects. JK Cement has invested approximately ₹500 crore in the project. Construction began in March 2025, and commercial production commenced on January 29, 2026.

In addition to strengthening JK Cement’s regional presence, the Buxar plant is expected to generate significant direct and indirect employment opportunities and attract ancillary industries, thereby contributing to the local economy and the broader industrial ecosystem.

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