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Digitalisation Paves the Way

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Dr BN Mohapatra, Advisor and Consultant, UltraTech Cement, lays emphasis on the various aspects of decarbonisation that are helping the Indian cement industry make optimum use of technology.

The Indian cement industry is one of the core industries of the country, which plays a vital role in the growth and economic development, because of its strong linkage to other sectors such as infrastructure, construction, housing, transportation, mining, etc. The current annual installed capacity of the cement industry in India is about 594 million tonnes with cement production of around 361 million tonnes (2021-22).
There are a total 333 cement manufacturing units in India comprising 150 integrated large cement plants, 116 grinding units, 62 mini cement plants and 5 clinkerisation units. Cement consumption in India is around 260 kg per capita against a world average of 540 kg per capita, which shows significant potential for the growth of the industry.
At present, India is seeing demand for large-scale infrastructure development and the housing in the country is also on a rise. As a result of this, it is expected that cement demand will grow by around 6-8 per cent by 2030. A growing housing sector, which typically accounts for 60-65 per cent of India’s cement consumption, will remain a key demand driver. Therefore, the challenge lies in making the cement manufacturing process cleaner and efficient and sustainable with innovation and technology.
Shifting to sustainable cement manufacturing is also the need of the hour as cement production is one of the highest emitting industries, accounting for 7 per cent global CO2 emission. It is one of the most widely consumed products globally owing to its various applications spanning from residential to urban constructions, which are indispensable for progress. It is thus, necessary to swiftly adopt sustainable practices to mitigate environmental impact and support achieving sustainability targets such as becoming net zero by 2070.

Adoption of innovation and technology
The cement manufacturers have to play a dual role supporting India’s economic growth by meeting the cement demand and contributing to the sustainability mission by ensuring that cement has minimum impact on the environment. This can be achieved by innovative ways backed by technology.
The Indian cement industry is progressive and is continuously adapting to the latest technologies to make the cement industry more efficient and greener with less environmental footprint.
They utilised strategies such as integrating waste heat recovery systems to meet the energy demand sustainably by lowering dependence on carbon emitting fuels and achieving energy efficiency. This can result in reduction in electricity.
They invested in high efficiency coolers and preheaters to minimise kiln heat requirements.
Using clean energy from renewable sources like solar or wind energy. They developed on-site renewable power generation capabilities to procure clean energy and dependence on fossil fuels.
Capturing of CO2 emissions and storing them or utilising them to produce chemicals, concrete or plastics can prove to be a great alternative to utilise waste and promote a circular economy.
Cement production process using alternative fuel like hazardous waste, biomass, industrial waste, agriculture waste to save the environment and produce greener energy.

Green energy
The productivity of different energy sources for cement plants can vary depending on various factors such as technology being used, availability, cost, infrastructure and local regulations.
Some examples are as under:
Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas): Traditionally being used as the primary energy source for cement production due to their high energy content. However, they contribute significantly to carbon emissions and are considered non-renewable resources.
Agricultural waste: Biomass, such as agricultural waste or dedicated energy corps can be used as alternative fuel source in cement production. Its productivity can vary depending upon the availability and sustainability of biomass feedstock.
Municipal and industrial waste: Certain waste materials, such as shredded tyres or municipal solid waste, can be used as alternate fuel sources in cement kilns. The productivity of waste materials as an energy source depends on their calorific value, their characteristics, availability and proper waste management practices.
Renewable energy sources: Renewable energy sources like solar, wind or geothermal power can be utilised to generate electricity for cement plants. Their productivity depends on factors such as location, resources availability and their ability to integrate them into the plant’s energy infrastructure.
Cement industry exhausts high amounts of hot gases and are being utilised to produce power by using waste heat recovery technologies.
Greener energy has a positive impact on manufacturing, including commercial and technical aspects. Potential impacts on environment, energy efficient and productivity enhancement with lower cost.

Automation and technology
Automation plays a very pivotal role in optimising the use of energy in cement plants. We are using VFD, Smart MCC, Sensors, Integrated Load Management system, Energy Monitoring System and Smart Lighting System for effectively optimising the use of energy. Here are some ways which help in reducing Energy
Energy monitoring and control: Automation systems can continuously monitor energy consumption in various parts of the cement plant such as kilns, mills and crushers. This real time data allows operators to identify pilferage processes or equipment and optimise energy usage.
Process optimisation: Advanced control systems and predictive analytics can optimise the cement manufacturing process to minimise energy consumption. By analysing data from various sensors and instruments, these technologies can identify opportunities for energy savings and automatically adjust parameters to achieve optimal efficiency.
Energy management system: Automation systems can integrate with energy management systems to provide a holistic view of energy usage across the entire plant. This allows operators to track energy performance and accordingly set targets and implement energy savings measures effectively.
Load management: Automation systems can optimise the scheduling and sequencing of equipment to ensure a balanced load distribution, reducing peak demand and improving overall energy efficiency. For example, by co-ordinating the operation of the kilns, mills and other machinery, the system can minimise energy wastage during periods of low demand.
Energy recovery: Automation technology can facilitate the implementation of energy recovery systems in cement plants. For instance, waste heat from kilns can be captured and used to generate electricity or provide heat for other processes, reducing the reliance on external energy sources.
Equipment optimisation: Automation systems can monitor the performances of Individual equipment and identify inefficiencies or malfunctions that may contribute to excessive energy consumption.

Control dust and gas emission
Cement plants have adopted technologies to meet the new emission norms for PM, SO2 and NOX emissions. Plants have installed highly efficient bag filters, ESPs, and hybrid filters to control dust emissions. For NOX reduction, plants have installed secondary control measures like SNCR. All the cement plants have installed a Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) as per the guidelines of CPCB. In the same spirit cement industry is the first one to adopt filtration technologies like pulse Jet Bag House (PJBH) reverse air bag house and hybrid filters for controlling dust emission from stack. Advent of new fabrics which can withstand higher temperatures and tough working conditions. Controls and advanced electrical systems provided the opportunity to reduce the dust emissions to very low levels. Cement industry embraced these technologies that helped industry today in achieving consistent and lower stack emissions of 30 mg/Nm3.
Cement plants use various types of dust filtration equipment and techniques to control dust emissions and improve air quality. Some of the common methods used include:

  • Bag filters
  • Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs)
  • Cyclones
  • Wet scrubbers
  • High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters

Digitalisation
In the current era of digitalisation and technological advancements, the companies must accelerate adoption of technologies such as robotics, artificial intelligence, IoT, data analytics and others to expedite sustainability efforts. This can support optimising processes, achieving higher efficiency, visibility and control on operations to speed up the decarbonisation journey. Digitalisation paves the way for implementing advanced digital solutions that can help maintenance team’s transition from reactive to proactive maintenance strategies
Remote monitoring of plant operation: Day-to-day plant operation can be monitored in real time from a remote location using Interconnectivity of Technologies [enabled by Internet of Things (IoT)]. Early detection of equipment issues enables planned maintenance, reducing costly unplanned downtime and minimising repair expenses. This optimisation of Inventory levels minimises carrying costs and mitigates the risk of overstocking or stock outs. Cement plants take corrective actions to reduce energy wastage and carbon footprint, thereby achieving significant cost reductions over time. Automated AI -based predictive maintenance solutions consist of 6-in-1 the Wireless sensors that measure the 6 most important parameters of Tri Axial Vibration, Acoustics, RPM, Temperature, Humidity and Magnetic flux. These sensors act as the vigilant eyes and ears of the manufacturing plants.
Cement industry 4.0: Industry 4.0 or digital innovations, which involves advanced data analytics, intelligent neural networks and Internet of Things (IoT) offer tremendous opportunity to improve the efficiency of manufacturing processes and ease of logistics. AI, sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, unlike the natural intelligence displayed by humans and animals. The field was founded on the assumption that human intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it.
Simulation techniques for plant optimisation: Cement manufacturers can utilise Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation solutions to capitalise on all opportunities to improve processes, either through an engineering contractor or in-house facility. Potential improvements include, but are not limited to, reduction in energy consumption, reduced wear on equipment and improved material distribution to key equipment.
Robotic laboratory and quality optimisation: Indian cement plant has already installed robotic laboratory for automatic sampling and testing. Installed XRF and XRD for both Bogue and actual phases. XRD has wider application in the cement sector like optimisation of burning and cooling conditions in kilns. Prediction of cement compressive strength of 1-day, 3-day, 7-day and 28-day.

Government initiatives
Indian government also takes initiatives through technology for overall economy, development and environment. Here some government initiatives,Decarbonisation of cement industry: Hon’ble Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra Modi has made the pledge to cut the CO2 emissions in the COP 26 summit at Glasgow in November 2021. The new climate action targets ‘Panchamrit’ by India included:
a Net Zero target for India by the year 2070 installing non-fossil fuel electricity capacity of 500 GW by 2030 sourcing 50 per cent of energy requirement from renewable by 2030 reducing 1 billion tonnes of projected emissions from now till 2030 and achieving carbon intensity reduction of 45 per cent over 2005 levels by 2030 PAT scheme and carbon trading: Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme is a flagship programme of Bureau of Energy Efficiency under the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE). The PAT Scheme is a regulatory instrument to reduce the specific energy consumption in energy intensive industries.
Science-based targets initiative (SBTi): SBTi drives ambitious climate action in the private sector by enabling companies to set science-based emissions reduction targets. The SBTi defines and promotes best practice in emissions reductions and net-zero targets in line with climate science.
Logistics – PM Gati Shakti: Logistics cost contributes about 30 per cent of the total cost of the cement prices. The Prime Minister launched PM Gati Shakti-National Master Plan for Multi-modal Connectivity, essentially a digital platform to bring 16 Ministries including Railways and Roadways together for integrated planning and coordinated implementation of infrastructure connectivity projects.
Lead IT initiative: For promoting low-carbon transition especially in the hard-to-abate sectors like iron and steel, aluminum, cement and concrete, petrochemicals, fertilisers, bricks, heavy-duty transport, etc. through active participation of private sector companies, Government of Sweden and India launched an initiative ‘Leadership for Industry Transition (Lead IT)’ at the UN Climate Action Summit in New York in 2019. Stockholm Environment Institute hosts the Secretariat of Lead IT. Under
the Lead IT initiative, preparation of the sectoral roadmap for the cement and steel sector in India has been undertaken.
National Hydrogen Mission: The Mission aims to aid the government in meeting its climate targets and making India a green hydrogen hub. This will help in meeting the target of production of 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen by 2030 and the related development of renewable energy capacity.
Circular economy: The Government has been actively formulating policies and promoting projects to drive the country towards a circular economy. It has already notified various rules, such as the plastic waste management rules, e-waste management rules, construction and demolition waste management rules, metals recycling policy, etc.
National Coal Gasification Mission: Coal gasification is considered as a cleaner option compared to burning of coal. Gasification facilitates utilisation of the chemical properties of coal. SynGas produced from Coal gasification can be usable in producing Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG), energy fuel (methanol and ethanol), ammonia for fertilisers and petro-chemicals. These products will help move towards self-sufficiency under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan. Ministry of Coal, Government of India has taken initiative for utilising coal through coal gasification to achieve 100 MT coal gasification by year 2030.

Futuristic technologies
The following futuristic technologies are expected to be developed and adopted by the Indian cement industry in the years to come Carbon capture and storage/utilisation Oxy fuel in the carbon capturing Algal growth promotion and use of biofuels

  • Nanotechnology in cement
  • Concentrated solar thermal calcination
  • Aero acoustics grinding
  • Beta-mill
  • Futuristic low temperature clinker system

Novel cement system

New cement systems, listed below, using various varieties of waste are being explored extensively in India:

  • Portland limestone cement
  • Portland composite cement (fly ash and limestone based)
  • Geo-polymer cements
  • Reactive belite and calcium sulphoaluminate-based cements
  • Calcined clay-based cement
  • Low lime and low energy cements

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
Dr BN Mohapatra is presently working as Advisor and Consultant to Ultratech Cement Ltd, Mumbai HO.
Prior to this, he was the Director General of NCCBM. He is a PhD in Cement Mineral Chemistry and presently pursuing his Doctorate in Science, with 13 years of research experience and 22 years of industry experience. He has a strong academic relationship with premier research institutes.

Economy & Market

Smart Pumping for Rock Blasting

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SEEPEX introduces BN pumps with Smart Joint Access (SJA) to improve efficiency, reliability, and inspection speed in demanding rock blasting operations.
Designed for abrasive and chemical media, the solution supports precise dosing, reduced downtime, and enhanced operational safety.

SEEPEX has introduced BN pumps with Smart Joint Access (SJA), engineered for the reliable and precise transfer of abrasive, corrosive, and chemical media in mining and construction. Designed for rock blasting, the pump features a large inspection opening for quick joint checks, a compact footprint for mobile or skid-mounted installations, and flexible drive and material options for consistent performance and uptime.

“Operators can inspect joints quickly and rely on precise pumping of shear-sensitive and abrasive emulsions,” said Magalie Levray, Global Business Development Manager Mining at SEEPEX. “This is particularly critical in rock blasting, where every borehole counts for productivity.” Industry Context

Rock blasting is essential for extracting hard rock and shaping safe excavation profiles in mining and construction. Accurate and consistent loading of explosive emulsions ensures controlled fragmentation, protects personnel, and maximizes productivity. Even minor deviations in pumping can cause delays or reduce product quality. BN pumps with SJA support routine maintenance and pre-operation checks by allowing fast verification of joint integrity, enabling more efficient operations.

Always Inspection Ready

Smart Joint Access is designed for inspection-friendly operations. The large inspection opening in the suction housing provides direct access to both joints, enabling rapid pre-operation checks while maintaining high operational reliability. Technicians can assess joint condition quickly, supporting continuous, reliable operation.

Key Features

  • Compact Footprint: Fits truck-mounted mobile units, skid-mounted systems, and factory installations.
  • Flexible Drive Options: Compact hydraulic drive or electric drive configurations.
  • Hydraulic Efficiency: Low-displacement design reduces oil requirements and supports low total cost of ownership.
  • Equal Wall Stator Design: Ensures high-pressure performance in a compact footprint.
  • Material Flexibility: Stainless steel or steel housings, chrome-plated rotors, and stators in NBR, EPDM, or FKM.

Operators benefit from shorter inspection cycles, reliable dosing, seamless integration, and fast delivery through framework agreements, helping to maintain uptime in critical rock blasting processes.

Applications – Optimized for Rock Blasting

BN pumps with SJA are designed for mining, tunneling, quarrying, civil works, dam construction, and other sectors requiring precise handling of abrasive or chemical media. They provide robust performance while enabling fast, reliable inspection and maintenance.With SJA, operators can quickly access both joints without disassembly, ensuring emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently. This reduces downtime, preserves product integrity, and supports uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.

With the Smart Joint Access inspection opening, operators can quickly access and assess the condition of both joints without disassembly, enabling immediate verification of pump readiness prior to blast hole loading. This allows operators to confirm that emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently, protecting personnel, minimizing product degradation, and maintaining uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.

The combination of equal wall stator design, compact integration, flexible drives, and progressive cavity pump technology ensures continuous, reliable operation even in space-limited, high-pressure environments.

From Inspection to Operation

A leading explosives provider implemented BN pumps with SJA in open pit and underground operations. By replacing legacy pumps, inspection cycles were significantly shortened, allowing crews to complete pre-operation checks and return mobile units to productive work faster. Direct joint access through SJA enabled immediate verification, consistent emulsion dosing, and reduced downtime caused by joint-related deviations.

“The inspection opening gives immediate confidence that each joint is secure before proceeding to bore holes,” said a site technician. “It allows us to act quickly, keeping blasting schedules on track.”

Framework agreements ensured rapid pump supply and minimal downtime, supporting multi-site operations across continents

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Concrete

Digital process control is transforming grinding

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Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, delves into how digital intelligence is transforming cement grinding into a predictive, stable, and energy-efficient operation.

Grinding sits at the heart of cement manufacturing, accounting for the largest share of electrical energy consumption. In this interview, Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, explains how advanced grinding technologies, data-driven optimisation and process intelligence are transforming mill performance, reducing power consumption and supporting the industry’s decarbonisation goals.

How has the grinding process evolved in Indian cement plants to meet rising efficiency and sustainability expectations?
Over the past decade, Indian cement plants have seen a clear evolution in grinding technology, moving from conventional open-circuit ball mills to high-efficiency closed-circuit systems, Roller Press–Ball Mill combinations and Vertical Roller Mills (VRMs). This shift has been supported by advances in separator design, improved wear-resistant materials, and the growing use of digital process automation. As a result, grinding units today operate as highly controlled manufacturing systems where real-time data, process intelligence and efficient separation work together to deliver stable and predictable performance.
From a sustainability perspective, these developments directly reduce specific power consumption, improve equipment reliability and lower the carbon footprint per tonne of cement produced.

How critical is grinding optimisation in reducing specific power consumption across ball mills and VRMs?
Grinding is the largest consumer of electrical energy in a cement plant, which makes optimisation one of the most effective levers for improving energy efficiency. In ball mill systems, optimisation through correct media selection, charge design, diaphragm configuration, ventilation management and separator tuning can typically deliver power savings of 5 per cent to 8 per cent. In VRMs, fine-tuning airflow balance, grinding pressure, nozzle ring settings, and circulating load can unlock energy reductions in the range of 8 per cent to 12 per cent. Across both systems, sustained operation under stable conditions is critical. Consistency in mill loading and operating parameters improves quality control, reduces wear, and enables long-term energy efficiency, making stability a key operational KPI.

What challenges arise in maintaining consistent cement quality when using alternative raw materials and blended compositions?
The increased use of alternative raw materials and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) introduces variability in chemistry, moisture, hardness, and loss on ignition. This variability makes it more challenging to maintain consistent fineness, particle size distribution, throughput and downstream performance parameters such as setting time, strength development and workability.
As clinker substitution levels rise, grinding precision becomes increasingly important. Even small improvements in consistency enable higher SCM utilisation without compromising cement performance.
Addressing these challenges requires stronger feed homogenisation, real-time quality monitoring and dynamic adjustment of grinding parameters so that output quality remains stable despite changing input characteristics.

How is digital process control changing the way grinding performance is optimised?
Digital process control is transforming grinding from an operator-dependent activity into a predictive, model-driven operation. Technologies such as online particle size and residue analysers, AI-based optimisation platforms, digital twins for VRMs and Roller Press systems, and advanced process control solutions are redefining how performance is managed.
At the same time, workforce roles are evolving. Operators are increasingly focused on interpreting data trends through digital dashboards and responding proactively rather than relying on manual interventions. Together, these tools improve mill stability, enable faster response to disturbances, maintain consistent fineness, and reduce specific energy consumption while minimising manual effort.

How do you see grinding technologies supporting the industry’s low-clinker and decarbonisation goals?
Modern grinding technologies are central to the industry’s decarbonisation efforts. They enable higher incorporation of SCMs such as fly ash, slag, and limestone, improve particle fineness and reactivity, and reduce overall power consumption. Efficient grinding makes it possible to maintain consistent cement quality at lower clinker factors. Every improvement in energy intensity and particle engineering directly contributes to lower CO2 emissions.
As India moves toward low-carbon construction, precision grinding will remain a foundational capability for delivering sustainable, high-performance cement aligned with national and global climate objectives.

How much potential does grinding optimisation hold for immediate energy
and cost savings?
The potential for near-term savings is substantial. Without major capital investment, most plants can achieve 5 per cent to 15 per cent power reduction through measures such as improving separator efficiency, optimising ventilation, refining media grading, and fine-tuning operating parameters.
With continued capacity expansion across India, advanced optimisation tools will help ensure that productivity gains are not matched by proportional increases in energy demand. Given current power costs, this translates into direct and measurable financial benefits, making grinding optimisation one of the fastest-payback operational initiatives available to cement manufacturers today.

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Concrete

Refractory demands in our kiln have changed

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Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, points out why performance, predictability and life-cycle value now matter more than routine replacement in cement kilns.

As Indian cement plants push for higher throughput, increased alternative fuel usage and tighter shutdown cycles, refractory performance in kilns and pyro-processing systems is under growing pressure. In this interview, Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, shares how refractory demands have evolved on the ground and how smarter digital monitoring is improving kiln stability, uptime and clinker quality.

How have refractory demands changed in your kiln and pyro-processing line over the last five years?
Over the last five years, refractory demands in our kiln and pyro line have changed. Earlier, the focus was mostly on standard grades and routine shutdown-based replacement. But now, because of higher production loads, more alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) usage and greater temperature variation, the expectation from refractory has increased.
In our own case, the current kiln refractory has already completed around 1.5 years, which itself shows how much more we now rely on materials that can handle thermal shock, alkali attack and coating fluctuations. We have moved towards more stable, high-performance linings so that we don’t have to enter the kiln frequently for repairs.
Overall, the shift has been from just ‘installation and run’ to selecting refractories that give longer life, better coating behaviour and more predictable performance under tougher operating conditions.

What are the biggest refractory challenges in the preheater, calciner and cooler zones?
• Preheater: Coating instability, chloride/sulphur cycles and brick erosion.
• Calciner: AFR firing, thermal shock and alkali infiltration.
• Cooler: Severe abrasion, red-river formation and mechanical stress on linings.
Overall, the biggest challenge is maintaining lining stability under highly variable operating conditions.

How do you evaluate and select refractory partners for long-term performance?
In real plant conditions, we don’t select a refractory partner just by looking at price. First, we see their past performance in similar kilns and whether their material has actually survived our operating conditions. We also check how strong their technical support is during shutdowns, because installation quality matters as much as the material itself.
Another key point is how quickly they respond during breakdowns or hot spots. A good partner should be available on short notice. We also look at their failure analysis capability, whether they can explain why a lining failed and suggest improvements.
On top of this, we review the life they delivered in the last few campaigns, their supply reliability and their willingness to offer plant-specific custom solutions instead of generic grades. Only a partner who supports us throughout the life cycle, which includes selection, installation, monitoring and post-failure analysis, fits our long-term requirement.

Can you share a recent example where better refractory selection improved uptime or clinker quality?
Recently, we upgraded to a high-abrasion basic brick at the kiln outlet. Earlier we had frequent chipping and coating loss. With the new lining, thermal stability improved and the coating became much more stable. As a result, our shutdown interval increased and clinker quality remained more consistent. It had a direct impact on our uptime.

How is increased AFR use affecting refractory behaviour?
Increased AFR use is definitely putting more stress on the refractory. The biggest issue we see daily is the rise in chlorine, alkalis and volatiles, which directly attack the lining, especially in the calciner and kiln inlet. AFR firing is also not as stable as conventional fuel, so we face frequent temperature fluctuations, which cause more thermal shock and small cracks in the lining.
Another real problem is coating instability. Some days the coating builds too fast, other days it suddenly drops, and both conditions impact refractory life. We also notice more dust circulation and buildup inside the calciner whenever the AFR mix changes, which again increases erosion.
Because of these practical issues, we have started relying more on alkali-resistant, low-porosity and better thermal shock–resistant materials to handle the additional stress coming from AFR.

What role does digital monitoring or thermal profiling play in your refractory strategy?
Digital tools like kiln shell scanners, IR imaging and thermal profiling help us detect weakening areas much earlier. This reduces unplanned shutdowns, helps identify hotspots accurately and allows us to replace only the critical sections. Overall, our maintenance has shifted from reactive to predictive, improving lining life significantly.

How do you balance cost, durability and installation speed during refractory shutdowns?
We focus on three points:
• Material quality that suits our thermal profile and chemistry.
• Installation speed, in fast turnarounds, we prefer monolithic.
• Life-cycle cost—the cheapest material is not the most economical. We look at durability, future downtime and total cost of ownership.
This balance ensures reliable performance without unnecessary expenditure.

What refractory or pyro-processing innovations could transform Indian cement operations?
Some promising developments include:
• High-performance, low-porosity and nano-bonded refractories
• Precast modular linings to drastically reduce shutdown time
• AI-driven kiln thermal analytics
• Advanced coating management solutions
• More AFR-compatible refractory mixes

These innovations can significantly improve kiln stability, efficiency and maintenance planning across the industry.

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