Economy & Market
From Clinker to Circularity
Published
4 months agoon
By
admin
Dr SB Hegde, Former President – Manufacturing (Cement Industry); Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Jain College of Engineering and Technology, Hubballi, India, and Visiting Professor, Pennsylvania State University, USA, discusses breakthroughs in materials, energy and digital systems.
Cement—second only to water in global consumption—supports every major infrastructure programme but contributes 7 per cent to 8 per cent of global CO2. India, the world’s second-largest producer, is projected to reach 441.9 Mt by 2025, while global production stabilises near 4.1 Bt. The industry must now combine growth with carbon discipline. Breakthroughs in materials, energy systems, digital intelligence, and carbon management are redefining competitiveness from ‘volume and cost’ to ‘efficiency and sustainability.’
Industry statuses
Global cement output has stabilised at ~4.1 billion tonnes, while India’s production continues to rise, driven by housing and infrastructure growth. This shift positions India as a key driver of global demand but also heightens pressure to improve energy efficiency and cut emissions. The gap between average and best-practice performance (Table 1a) highlights major scope for cost-effective decarbonisation.
Efficient plants already prove that emission control and profitability align.
Sustainable Innovations in Production
1. Low-Carbon Cement Technologies
Replacing clinker with SCMs—fly ash, slag, calcined clay, limestone— can cut emissions 30 per cent to 70 per cent. LC3 formulations show strong strength and durability when kaolinite content and calcination are well controlled.
2. Clinker Substitution and Electrochemical Processes
• Clinker substitution remains the fastest reduction route.
• Electrochemical cement eliminates kiln CO2 by using low-temperature electrolysis.
Figure 2: Bar chart of CO2 reduction potential (SCMs, AFR, WHR, CCUS, Digital)
3. Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS)
CCUS targets calcination CO2 (~60 per cent of total). Plant 1 has characterised flue gas; Plant 2 reserved space for modular capture; Plant 3 studies CO2 utilisation. Full deployment could cut emissions ˜ 50 per cent.
4, Alternative Fuels & Waste Heat Recovery (WHR)
Each 10 per cent AFR substitution saves ˜ 25 kg CO2/t clinker. WHR can meet 30 per cent to 35 per cent of power needs if maintained efficiently.
5, Materials-Science Frontiers
Recent advances in clinker chemistry are enabling deeper CO2 reduction. Belite–Ye’elimite–Ferrite (BYF) clinkers operate at firing temperatures nearly 150°C lower than ordinary Portland clinker, reducing process emissions by about 30 per cent.
Calcium Sulphoaluminate (CSA) cements provide rapid early strength with lower energy input. Nano- and graphene-enhanced binders improve strength-to-carbon ratios, while alkali-activated materials (AAMs) and geopolymers utilise fly ash and slag, cutting both emissions and waste. These advances mark a decisive shift toward low-clinker, high-performance systems.
Digital innovations and industry 4.0
The cement industry is rapidly embracing Industry 4.0 technologies to achieve precision, stability, and predictive control in operations. Artificial intelligence (AI), the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), and digital twins are transforming kiln, mill, and logistics management by reducing process variability and energy consumption. These tools enable real-time monitoring, data-driven decision-making and improved plant reliability. The following tables highlight the current level of digital adoption and its quantifiable impact across modern cement plants. AI, IoT and digital twins are reducing energy waste and variance across plants.
Circular economies and resource looping
The cement industry is increasingly adopting circular economy principles to close material and carbon loops. Co-processing of municipal and industrial wastes as alternative fuels and raw materials reduces both emissions and landfill burdens. Recycling construction and demolition waste (CDW)as a partial raw feed, and promoting recarbonation of concrete at end of life, further enhance carbon recovery. These initiatives make cement plants integral to sustainable waste management and resource efficiency.
Cement plants are evolving into resource recovery centres:
• Co-processing municipal and industrial wastes as fuel or raw feed.
• Recycling CDW as raw meal additive or aggregate.
• Recarbonation of concrete absorbs ˜ 150 kg CO2/t over life.
Decarbonisation pathways and innovation roadmap
The cement industry’s path to net zero requires a phased and coordinated innovation roadmap. In the near term (2025–2030), emphasis must be on energy efficiency, clinker substitution, AFR, WHR, and digital optimisation, which are already proven and cost-effective. The next decade (2030–2040) will see wider adoption of electrification and carbon capture technologies, supported by renewable energy and green hydrogen. By 2040–2050, advanced low-carbon clinkers, carbon-negative binders, and circular material use will dominate, enabling deep decarbonisation. Together, these phases form a realistic pathway to cut CO2 emissions by over 70 per cent while ensuring competitiveness and resilience.
Learning from practice
• Plant 1 implemented multi-source SCMs and advanced QC, cutting emissions by >70 kg/t.
• Plant 2 achieved stable kiln operation with 25 per cent AFR.
• Plant 3 combined WHR and AI controls to self-generate 30 per cent power.
• Plant 4 pre-engineered for future CCUS and CO2 offtake agreements.
Lesson: Innovation succeeds when technology is paired with discipline, cross-functional coordination, and long-term planning.
Innovation enablers: market, finance and policy
Market Signals. Public and private projects are specifying low-carbon materials, pushing plants to expand SCM and AFR capacity. Financing Models. AFR, WHR and digital projects suit traditional project finance. Emerging tech like CCUS needs blended finance (carbon credits + green bonds + grants). ESG-linked loans reward verified CO2 reduction with lower interest rates. Regulatory Ecosystem. Updated standards for high SCM blends, fast-track permits for AFR/WHR, and EPD-based procurement create a virtuous cycle between policy and market.
Policy and regulatory levers for acceleration
India’s leadership in low-carbon cement depends on pragmatic steps:
1. Raise blending limits to 65 per cent to 70 per cent where performance permits.
2. Streamline approvals for AFR and WHR projects.
3. Adopt green procurement with EPD requirements.
4. Provide carbon credits and tax rebates for early CCUS and LC3 plants.
5. Implement national MRV protocols aligned with global benchmarks.
Such policies offer predictability and move innovation from pilot to mainstream.
Sequencing the transition (2025–2050)
• Phase 1 (2025–2030): Deploy SCMs, AFR, WHR and digital optimisation — low-risk, high-impact.
• Phase 2 (2030–2040): Scale CCUS and partial electrification as costs drop.
• Phase 3 (2040–2050): Adopt new clinker chemistries and full carbon capture networks.
This phasing lets plants build skills and capital progressively while meeting net-zero goals.
Conclusion
Cement’s future depends on how fast the sector moves from clinker-intensive processes to circular low-carbon systems. Every path count: lower clinker factor, energy efficiency, AFR, digital control, and CCUS. India possesses the scale, technical talent and market momentum to lead this transformation. With consistent policy support and industry discipline, specific CO2 can fall below 300 kg/t cement by 2050—making the nation a benchmark for sustainable cement production.
References
1. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2023). Cement – Tracking Industry 2023. Paris: IEA.
2. Global Cement and Concrete Association (GCCA). (2024). Cement Industry Net Zero Progress Report 2024/25. London: GCCA.
3. Scrivener, K. L., Martirena, F., Bishnoi, S., & Maity, S. (2018). Calcined clay limestone cements (LC³). Cement and Concrete Research, 114, 49–56.
4. Gartner, E., & Sui, T. (2018). Alternative cement clinkers. Cement and Concrete Research, 114, 27–39.
5. Bosoaga, A., Masek, O., & Oakey, J. E. (2009). CO2 capture technologies for cement industry. Energy Procedia, 1(1), 133–140.
6. Miller, S. A., John, V. M., Pacca, S. A., & Horvath, A. (2018). Carbon dioxide reduction potential in the global cement industry by 2050. Cement and Concrete Research, 114, 115–124.
7. Roussanaly, S., Berstad, D., Husebye, J., & Jakobsen, J. (2021). Towards large-scale CO2 transport and storage networks in Europe: A cost and carbon perspective. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 105, 103239.
8. Nobre, A. V., Scholes, O., & Butler, I. (2022). Industry 4.0 in cement manufacturing: A review of technologies, applications, and benefits. Journal of Cleaner Production, 359, 132043.
9. Lehne, J., & Preston, F. (2018). Making Concrete Change: Innovation in Low-Carbon Cement and Concrete. London: Chatham House.
10. Reddy, D. V., & Kumar, M. S. (2023). Circular economy pathways for sustainable cement and concrete in India. Resources, Conservation & Recycling Advances, 18, 200164.
About the author:
Dr SB Hegde, Global Industry Expert is a Professor at the Department of Civil Engineering, Jain College of Engineering and Technology, Hubballi, India and Visting Professor, Pennsylvania State University, United States.
SEEPEX introduces BN pumps with Smart Joint Access (SJA) to improve efficiency, reliability, and inspection speed in demanding rock blasting operations.
Designed for abrasive and chemical media, the solution supports precise dosing, reduced downtime, and enhanced operational safety.
SEEPEX has introduced BN pumps with Smart Joint Access (SJA), engineered for the reliable and precise transfer of abrasive, corrosive, and chemical media in mining and construction. Designed for rock blasting, the pump features a large inspection opening for quick joint checks, a compact footprint for mobile or skid-mounted installations, and flexible drive and material options for consistent performance and uptime.

“Operators can inspect joints quickly and rely on precise pumping of shear-sensitive and abrasive emulsions,” said Magalie Levray, Global Business Development Manager Mining at SEEPEX. “This is particularly critical in rock blasting, where every borehole counts for productivity.” Industry Context
Rock blasting is essential for extracting hard rock and shaping safe excavation profiles in mining and construction. Accurate and consistent loading of explosive emulsions ensures controlled fragmentation, protects personnel, and maximizes productivity. Even minor deviations in pumping can cause delays or reduce product quality. BN pumps with SJA support routine maintenance and pre-operation checks by allowing fast verification of joint integrity, enabling more efficient operations.
Always Inspection Ready
Smart Joint Access is designed for inspection-friendly operations. The large inspection opening in the suction housing provides direct access to both joints, enabling rapid pre-operation checks while maintaining high operational reliability. Technicians can assess joint condition quickly, supporting continuous, reliable operation.
Key Features
- Compact Footprint: Fits truck-mounted mobile units, skid-mounted systems, and factory installations.
- Flexible Drive Options: Compact hydraulic drive or electric drive configurations.
- Hydraulic Efficiency: Low-displacement design reduces oil requirements and supports low total cost of ownership.
- Equal Wall Stator Design: Ensures high-pressure performance in a compact footprint.
- Material Flexibility: Stainless steel or steel housings, chrome-plated rotors, and stators in NBR, EPDM, or FKM.
Operators benefit from shorter inspection cycles, reliable dosing, seamless integration, and fast delivery through framework agreements, helping to maintain uptime in critical rock blasting processes.
Applications – Optimized for Rock Blasting
BN pumps with SJA are designed for mining, tunneling, quarrying, civil works, dam construction, and other sectors requiring precise handling of abrasive or chemical media. They provide robust performance while enabling fast, reliable inspection and maintenance.With SJA, operators can quickly access both joints without disassembly, ensuring emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently. This reduces downtime, preserves product integrity, and supports uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.
With the Smart Joint Access inspection opening, operators can quickly access and assess the condition of both joints without disassembly, enabling immediate verification of pump readiness prior to blast hole loading. This allows operators to confirm that emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently, protecting personnel, minimizing product degradation, and maintaining uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.
The combination of equal wall stator design, compact integration, flexible drives, and progressive cavity pump technology ensures continuous, reliable operation even in space-limited, high-pressure environments.
From Inspection to Operation
A leading explosives provider implemented BN pumps with SJA in open pit and underground operations. By replacing legacy pumps, inspection cycles were significantly shortened, allowing crews to complete pre-operation checks and return mobile units to productive work faster. Direct joint access through SJA enabled immediate verification, consistent emulsion dosing, and reduced downtime caused by joint-related deviations.
“The inspection opening gives immediate confidence that each joint is secure before proceeding to bore holes,” said a site technician. “It allows us to act quickly, keeping blasting schedules on track.”
Framework agreements ensured rapid pump supply and minimal downtime, supporting multi-site operations across continents
Concrete
Digital process control is transforming grinding
Published
3 weeks agoon
February 20, 2026By
admin
Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, delves into how digital intelligence is transforming cement grinding into a predictive, stable, and energy-efficient operation.
Grinding sits at the heart of cement manufacturing, accounting for the largest share of electrical energy consumption. In this interview, Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, explains how advanced grinding technologies, data-driven optimisation and process intelligence are transforming mill performance, reducing power consumption and supporting the industry’s decarbonisation goals.
How has the grinding process evolved in Indian cement plants to meet rising efficiency and sustainability expectations?
Over the past decade, Indian cement plants have seen a clear evolution in grinding technology, moving from conventional open-circuit ball mills to high-efficiency closed-circuit systems, Roller Press–Ball Mill combinations and Vertical Roller Mills (VRMs). This shift has been supported by advances in separator design, improved wear-resistant materials, and the growing use of digital process automation. As a result, grinding units today operate as highly controlled manufacturing systems where real-time data, process intelligence and efficient separation work together to deliver stable and predictable performance.
From a sustainability perspective, these developments directly reduce specific power consumption, improve equipment reliability and lower the carbon footprint per tonne of cement produced.
How critical is grinding optimisation in reducing specific power consumption across ball mills and VRMs?
Grinding is the largest consumer of electrical energy in a cement plant, which makes optimisation one of the most effective levers for improving energy efficiency. In ball mill systems, optimisation through correct media selection, charge design, diaphragm configuration, ventilation management and separator tuning can typically deliver power savings of 5 per cent to 8 per cent. In VRMs, fine-tuning airflow balance, grinding pressure, nozzle ring settings, and circulating load can unlock energy reductions in the range of 8 per cent to 12 per cent. Across both systems, sustained operation under stable conditions is critical. Consistency in mill loading and operating parameters improves quality control, reduces wear, and enables long-term energy efficiency, making stability a key operational KPI.
What challenges arise in maintaining consistent cement quality when using alternative raw materials and blended compositions?
The increased use of alternative raw materials and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) introduces variability in chemistry, moisture, hardness, and loss on ignition. This variability makes it more challenging to maintain consistent fineness, particle size distribution, throughput and downstream performance parameters such as setting time, strength development and workability.
As clinker substitution levels rise, grinding precision becomes increasingly important. Even small improvements in consistency enable higher SCM utilisation without compromising cement performance.
Addressing these challenges requires stronger feed homogenisation, real-time quality monitoring and dynamic adjustment of grinding parameters so that output quality remains stable despite changing input characteristics.
How is digital process control changing the way grinding performance is optimised?
Digital process control is transforming grinding from an operator-dependent activity into a predictive, model-driven operation. Technologies such as online particle size and residue analysers, AI-based optimisation platforms, digital twins for VRMs and Roller Press systems, and advanced process control solutions are redefining how performance is managed.
At the same time, workforce roles are evolving. Operators are increasingly focused on interpreting data trends through digital dashboards and responding proactively rather than relying on manual interventions. Together, these tools improve mill stability, enable faster response to disturbances, maintain consistent fineness, and reduce specific energy consumption while minimising manual effort.
How do you see grinding technologies supporting the industry’s low-clinker and decarbonisation goals?
Modern grinding technologies are central to the industry’s decarbonisation efforts. They enable higher incorporation of SCMs such as fly ash, slag, and limestone, improve particle fineness and reactivity, and reduce overall power consumption. Efficient grinding makes it possible to maintain consistent cement quality at lower clinker factors. Every improvement in energy intensity and particle engineering directly contributes to lower CO2 emissions.
As India moves toward low-carbon construction, precision grinding will remain a foundational capability for delivering sustainable, high-performance cement aligned with national and global climate objectives.
How much potential does grinding optimisation hold for immediate energy
and cost savings?
The potential for near-term savings is substantial. Without major capital investment, most plants can achieve 5 per cent to 15 per cent power reduction through measures such as improving separator efficiency, optimising ventilation, refining media grading, and fine-tuning operating parameters.
With continued capacity expansion across India, advanced optimisation tools will help ensure that productivity gains are not matched by proportional increases in energy demand. Given current power costs, this translates into direct and measurable financial benefits, making grinding optimisation one of the fastest-payback operational initiatives available to cement manufacturers today.
Concrete
Refractory demands in our kiln have changed
Published
3 weeks agoon
February 20, 2026By
admin
Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, points out why performance, predictability and life-cycle value now matter more than routine replacement in cement kilns.
As Indian cement plants push for higher throughput, increased alternative fuel usage and tighter shutdown cycles, refractory performance in kilns and pyro-processing systems is under growing pressure. In this interview, Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, shares how refractory demands have evolved on the ground and how smarter digital monitoring is improving kiln stability, uptime and clinker quality.
How have refractory demands changed in your kiln and pyro-processing line over the last five years?
Over the last five years, refractory demands in our kiln and pyro line have changed. Earlier, the focus was mostly on standard grades and routine shutdown-based replacement. But now, because of higher production loads, more alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) usage and greater temperature variation, the expectation from refractory has increased.
In our own case, the current kiln refractory has already completed around 1.5 years, which itself shows how much more we now rely on materials that can handle thermal shock, alkali attack and coating fluctuations. We have moved towards more stable, high-performance linings so that we don’t have to enter the kiln frequently for repairs.
Overall, the shift has been from just ‘installation and run’ to selecting refractories that give longer life, better coating behaviour and more predictable performance under tougher operating conditions.
What are the biggest refractory challenges in the preheater, calciner and cooler zones?
• Preheater: Coating instability, chloride/sulphur cycles and brick erosion.
• Calciner: AFR firing, thermal shock and alkali infiltration.
• Cooler: Severe abrasion, red-river formation and mechanical stress on linings.
Overall, the biggest challenge is maintaining lining stability under highly variable operating conditions.
How do you evaluate and select refractory partners for long-term performance?
In real plant conditions, we don’t select a refractory partner just by looking at price. First, we see their past performance in similar kilns and whether their material has actually survived our operating conditions. We also check how strong their technical support is during shutdowns, because installation quality matters as much as the material itself.
Another key point is how quickly they respond during breakdowns or hot spots. A good partner should be available on short notice. We also look at their failure analysis capability, whether they can explain why a lining failed and suggest improvements.
On top of this, we review the life they delivered in the last few campaigns, their supply reliability and their willingness to offer plant-specific custom solutions instead of generic grades. Only a partner who supports us throughout the life cycle, which includes selection, installation, monitoring and post-failure analysis, fits our long-term requirement.
Can you share a recent example where better refractory selection improved uptime or clinker quality?
Recently, we upgraded to a high-abrasion basic brick at the kiln outlet. Earlier we had frequent chipping and coating loss. With the new lining, thermal stability improved and the coating became much more stable. As a result, our shutdown interval increased and clinker quality remained more consistent. It had a direct impact on our uptime.
How is increased AFR use affecting refractory behaviour?
Increased AFR use is definitely putting more stress on the refractory. The biggest issue we see daily is the rise in chlorine, alkalis and volatiles, which directly attack the lining, especially in the calciner and kiln inlet. AFR firing is also not as stable as conventional fuel, so we face frequent temperature fluctuations, which cause more thermal shock and small cracks in the lining.
Another real problem is coating instability. Some days the coating builds too fast, other days it suddenly drops, and both conditions impact refractory life. We also notice more dust circulation and buildup inside the calciner whenever the AFR mix changes, which again increases erosion.
Because of these practical issues, we have started relying more on alkali-resistant, low-porosity and better thermal shock–resistant materials to handle the additional stress coming from AFR.
What role does digital monitoring or thermal profiling play in your refractory strategy?
Digital tools like kiln shell scanners, IR imaging and thermal profiling help us detect weakening areas much earlier. This reduces unplanned shutdowns, helps identify hotspots accurately and allows us to replace only the critical sections. Overall, our maintenance has shifted from reactive to predictive, improving lining life significantly.
How do you balance cost, durability and installation speed during refractory shutdowns?
We focus on three points:
• Material quality that suits our thermal profile and chemistry.
• Installation speed, in fast turnarounds, we prefer monolithic.
• Life-cycle cost—the cheapest material is not the most economical. We look at durability, future downtime and total cost of ownership.
This balance ensures reliable performance without unnecessary expenditure.
What refractory or pyro-processing innovations could transform Indian cement operations?
Some promising developments include:
• High-performance, low-porosity and nano-bonded refractories
• Precast modular linings to drastically reduce shutdown time
• AI-driven kiln thermal analytics
• Advanced coating management solutions
• More AFR-compatible refractory mixes
These innovations can significantly improve kiln stability, efficiency and maintenance planning across the industry.
UltraTech Appoints Jayant Dua As MD-Designate For 2027
Merlin Prime Spaces Acquires 13,185 Sq M Land Parcel In Pune
Adani Cement and Naredco Partner to Promote Sustainable Construction
Operational Excellence Redefined!
World Cement Association Annual Conference 2026 in Bangkok
UltraTech Appoints Jayant Dua As MD-Designate For 2027
Merlin Prime Spaces Acquires 13,185 Sq M Land Parcel In Pune
Adani Cement and Naredco Partner to Promote Sustainable Construction
Operational Excellence Redefined!


