Economy & Market
Blending Green and Grit
Published
7 years agoon
By
admin
Blended cements are slowly but steadily increasing their presence felt in the market. With the introduction of composite cement, the industry’s green commitment is getting reinforced further.
Blended cements – Portland Slag Cement (PSC) and Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) – are making headway by cornering a major share of the cement market, nudging the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) which was the market leader at one time, into the corner, in the recent years. The exciting journey of blended cements has seen them taking an equal share of 50:50 in the late 1970s even before introduction of fly ash-based blended cement, only to lose share to OPC which touched 76 per cent by 1983, and to totter at about 30 per cent by the end of the twentieth century, it has now scaled the peak market share of three-fourths.
"Ever since government allowed blending of cement with OPC, there has been continuous growth in the sales of PSC/ PPC cement. There has been a very good penetration of blended cements in the market. Earlier OPC used to be the market leader in India. However, today, it represents only about 20-25 per cent of the market share. In this context, it is encouraging to note that nearly 75 per cent of cement production in India at present is in the form of blended cement of various types," says Raakesh Jain, Chief Sales Officer, Nuvoco Vistas Corp.
Blended cements have been gaining almost over the last couple of decades, particularly since introduction of fly ash-based cement, which combines the advantages of OPC on cost front, and strength and durability of slag cement, its blended peer. "This has been possible through education of customers on the merits of blended cement, which has led to higher awareness and increased usage," says Ujjwal Batria, Chief Operating Officer, Dalmia Cement (Bharat) Limited.
With the introduction of composite cements, the market is expected to become even more exciting in the years to come.
Institutions still prefer OPC
Still, OPC is preferred in certain geographies and particularly by several institutional users, for various reasons. "While there is an improvement in the acceptance of blended cements, there are certain segments like RMCs, select infrastructure projects, where the preference continues to be for OPC due to the cost economics and flexibility available to the contractor," says Nilesh Narwekar, CEO, JSW Cement.
OPC grades 43 & 53 are more preferred in major infrastructure projects such as national highways, bridges, transmission lines, power plants, industrial and residential structures. "Also in major infrastructure projects, OPC Grade 43/ 53 is approved through the Central/ state government/ local governing bodies/ institutions over PPC/ PSC, making OPC a preferred product in institutional segment," says Jain.
Institutional customers have their own batching plants in most cases and prefer to do blending at their end. However, efforts of the blended cement manufacturers over the last few years in educating their customers on environmental benefits and durability they offer have resulted in their increased use.
Applications
Both PPC and PSC are environment-friendly cements as they use industrial by-products as an input. PPC classically uses fly ash, while PSC uses slag generated in the blast furnace of steel plants.
Blended cements are suitable for high rainfall areas and coastal areas as these offer higher longevity of structures, offering the highest resistance against sulphate and chloride attacks and environmental pollutants. PSC’s chemical composition gives it high compressive strength and offers excellent resistance to chloride and sulphate attacks. It boasts a superior finish and minimise shrinkage and cracks. For this reason, it is mostly used for marine constructions.
PPC’s hydration process is slower than PSC cement, therefore, making it suitable for mass concreting. It shows greater resistance to aggressive weather and is cheaper than PSC. PPC has an amazing pore refinement leading to an improved density of concrete, says Batria.
New kid on the block
Taking cue from the Bureau of Indian Standards’ (BIS) decision to permit manufacturing and selling of composite cement in India a couple of years ago, several cement manufacturers have already introduced composite cement. Composite cement is a blend of fly ash and slag based cement, offering the best of both worlds.
Composite Cement is being typically manufactured by companies where both these commodities are readily available. Eastern region is where most of the players have introduced composite cement by now. JSW has introduced it in Karnataka and in the east, while Dalmia Cement has introduced it in the eastern region, and Nuvoco already has a thrust towards blended cements.
"We have already introduced composite cement to our customers in Karnataka and more recently in Salboni. We also plan to make it the core product from Jhajpur, our upcoming plant in Odisha," Narwekar says.
Being a new product in the market, the manufacturers are already undertaking awareness programmes for their customers and influencers like engineers and architects. Composite cement is still not accepted in RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) by BIS posing a challenge in selling it as an all-purpose cement, besides getting government approvals for composite products.
Looking ahead
If one has to go by what the experts have to say, bended cements are going to be the future of cement industry, being greener and offering several advantages. Perhaps in the process of vouching for its future of cement in blended ones, JSW Cement, being largest manufacturer of PSC, is planning to take a plunge into blended cements headlong.
"We are planning to double our cement production capacity in the next few years to meet the growing demand for "Green" cement in the eastern region by a combination of brownfield expansions at our new facility at Salboni, West Bengal and Shiva Cement, Odisha. These projects are expected to be commissioned in various phases until 2023. We are also debottlenecking our plants in South and evaluating opportunities for a grinding unit GU in TN," Narwekar says. JSW is in the process of commissioning a new greenfield 1.2 million tonnes per annum plant in Jajpur, Odisha, which is expected to be optimizes by December 2019.
In order to promote sustainable alternatives in every area in line with India’s commitment at the Paris Summit, blended cements, which use factory waste and other by-products, should be encouraged through use in government projects. Thus, cement manufacturers, who are planning to increase their use of alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR), will be contributing immensely to sustainable manufacturing and sustainable products in future.
– BS SRINIVASALU REDDY
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Digital process control is transforming grinding
Published
3 weeks agoon
February 20, 2026By
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Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, delves into how digital intelligence is transforming cement grinding into a predictive, stable, and energy-efficient operation.
Grinding sits at the heart of cement manufacturing, accounting for the largest share of electrical energy consumption. In this interview, Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, explains how advanced grinding technologies, data-driven optimisation and process intelligence are transforming mill performance, reducing power consumption and supporting the industry’s decarbonisation goals.
How has the grinding process evolved in Indian cement plants to meet rising efficiency and sustainability expectations?
Over the past decade, Indian cement plants have seen a clear evolution in grinding technology, moving from conventional open-circuit ball mills to high-efficiency closed-circuit systems, Roller Press–Ball Mill combinations and Vertical Roller Mills (VRMs). This shift has been supported by advances in separator design, improved wear-resistant materials, and the growing use of digital process automation. As a result, grinding units today operate as highly controlled manufacturing systems where real-time data, process intelligence and efficient separation work together to deliver stable and predictable performance.
From a sustainability perspective, these developments directly reduce specific power consumption, improve equipment reliability and lower the carbon footprint per tonne of cement produced.
How critical is grinding optimisation in reducing specific power consumption across ball mills and VRMs?
Grinding is the largest consumer of electrical energy in a cement plant, which makes optimisation one of the most effective levers for improving energy efficiency. In ball mill systems, optimisation through correct media selection, charge design, diaphragm configuration, ventilation management and separator tuning can typically deliver power savings of 5 per cent to 8 per cent. In VRMs, fine-tuning airflow balance, grinding pressure, nozzle ring settings, and circulating load can unlock energy reductions in the range of 8 per cent to 12 per cent. Across both systems, sustained operation under stable conditions is critical. Consistency in mill loading and operating parameters improves quality control, reduces wear, and enables long-term energy efficiency, making stability a key operational KPI.
What challenges arise in maintaining consistent cement quality when using alternative raw materials and blended compositions?
The increased use of alternative raw materials and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) introduces variability in chemistry, moisture, hardness, and loss on ignition. This variability makes it more challenging to maintain consistent fineness, particle size distribution, throughput and downstream performance parameters such as setting time, strength development and workability.
As clinker substitution levels rise, grinding precision becomes increasingly important. Even small improvements in consistency enable higher SCM utilisation without compromising cement performance.
Addressing these challenges requires stronger feed homogenisation, real-time quality monitoring and dynamic adjustment of grinding parameters so that output quality remains stable despite changing input characteristics.
How is digital process control changing the way grinding performance is optimised?
Digital process control is transforming grinding from an operator-dependent activity into a predictive, model-driven operation. Technologies such as online particle size and residue analysers, AI-based optimisation platforms, digital twins for VRMs and Roller Press systems, and advanced process control solutions are redefining how performance is managed.
At the same time, workforce roles are evolving. Operators are increasingly focused on interpreting data trends through digital dashboards and responding proactively rather than relying on manual interventions. Together, these tools improve mill stability, enable faster response to disturbances, maintain consistent fineness, and reduce specific energy consumption while minimising manual effort.
How do you see grinding technologies supporting the industry’s low-clinker and decarbonisation goals?
Modern grinding technologies are central to the industry’s decarbonisation efforts. They enable higher incorporation of SCMs such as fly ash, slag, and limestone, improve particle fineness and reactivity, and reduce overall power consumption. Efficient grinding makes it possible to maintain consistent cement quality at lower clinker factors. Every improvement in energy intensity and particle engineering directly contributes to lower CO2 emissions.
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Concrete
Refractory demands in our kiln have changed
Published
3 weeks agoon
February 20, 2026By
admin
Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, points out why performance, predictability and life-cycle value now matter more than routine replacement in cement kilns.
As Indian cement plants push for higher throughput, increased alternative fuel usage and tighter shutdown cycles, refractory performance in kilns and pyro-processing systems is under growing pressure. In this interview, Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, shares how refractory demands have evolved on the ground and how smarter digital monitoring is improving kiln stability, uptime and clinker quality.
How have refractory demands changed in your kiln and pyro-processing line over the last five years?
Over the last five years, refractory demands in our kiln and pyro line have changed. Earlier, the focus was mostly on standard grades and routine shutdown-based replacement. But now, because of higher production loads, more alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) usage and greater temperature variation, the expectation from refractory has increased.
In our own case, the current kiln refractory has already completed around 1.5 years, which itself shows how much more we now rely on materials that can handle thermal shock, alkali attack and coating fluctuations. We have moved towards more stable, high-performance linings so that we don’t have to enter the kiln frequently for repairs.
Overall, the shift has been from just ‘installation and run’ to selecting refractories that give longer life, better coating behaviour and more predictable performance under tougher operating conditions.
What are the biggest refractory challenges in the preheater, calciner and cooler zones?
• Preheater: Coating instability, chloride/sulphur cycles and brick erosion.
• Calciner: AFR firing, thermal shock and alkali infiltration.
• Cooler: Severe abrasion, red-river formation and mechanical stress on linings.
Overall, the biggest challenge is maintaining lining stability under highly variable operating conditions.
How do you evaluate and select refractory partners for long-term performance?
In real plant conditions, we don’t select a refractory partner just by looking at price. First, we see their past performance in similar kilns and whether their material has actually survived our operating conditions. We also check how strong their technical support is during shutdowns, because installation quality matters as much as the material itself.
Another key point is how quickly they respond during breakdowns or hot spots. A good partner should be available on short notice. We also look at their failure analysis capability, whether they can explain why a lining failed and suggest improvements.
On top of this, we review the life they delivered in the last few campaigns, their supply reliability and their willingness to offer plant-specific custom solutions instead of generic grades. Only a partner who supports us throughout the life cycle, which includes selection, installation, monitoring and post-failure analysis, fits our long-term requirement.
Can you share a recent example where better refractory selection improved uptime or clinker quality?
Recently, we upgraded to a high-abrasion basic brick at the kiln outlet. Earlier we had frequent chipping and coating loss. With the new lining, thermal stability improved and the coating became much more stable. As a result, our shutdown interval increased and clinker quality remained more consistent. It had a direct impact on our uptime.
How is increased AFR use affecting refractory behaviour?
Increased AFR use is definitely putting more stress on the refractory. The biggest issue we see daily is the rise in chlorine, alkalis and volatiles, which directly attack the lining, especially in the calciner and kiln inlet. AFR firing is also not as stable as conventional fuel, so we face frequent temperature fluctuations, which cause more thermal shock and small cracks in the lining.
Another real problem is coating instability. Some days the coating builds too fast, other days it suddenly drops, and both conditions impact refractory life. We also notice more dust circulation and buildup inside the calciner whenever the AFR mix changes, which again increases erosion.
Because of these practical issues, we have started relying more on alkali-resistant, low-porosity and better thermal shock–resistant materials to handle the additional stress coming from AFR.
What role does digital monitoring or thermal profiling play in your refractory strategy?
Digital tools like kiln shell scanners, IR imaging and thermal profiling help us detect weakening areas much earlier. This reduces unplanned shutdowns, helps identify hotspots accurately and allows us to replace only the critical sections. Overall, our maintenance has shifted from reactive to predictive, improving lining life significantly.
How do you balance cost, durability and installation speed during refractory shutdowns?
We focus on three points:
• Material quality that suits our thermal profile and chemistry.
• Installation speed, in fast turnarounds, we prefer monolithic.
• Life-cycle cost—the cheapest material is not the most economical. We look at durability, future downtime and total cost of ownership.
This balance ensures reliable performance without unnecessary expenditure.
What refractory or pyro-processing innovations could transform Indian cement operations?
Some promising developments include:
• High-performance, low-porosity and nano-bonded refractories
• Precast modular linings to drastically reduce shutdown time
• AI-driven kiln thermal analytics
• Advanced coating management solutions
• More AFR-compatible refractory mixes
These innovations can significantly improve kiln stability, efficiency and maintenance planning across the industry.
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