Authored by Jordana Georgin, Dison S. P. Franco, Claudete Gindri Ramos and Noureddine El Messaoudi, this review, published in Sustainability (Vol. 18, 2026, Article 7383), examines cement industry impacts on air, water, soil and noise, and assesses technologies to mitigate pollution and ecological risks.
The report identifies cement manufacturing as a significant contributor to India’s greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for approximately 6 per cent to 7 per cent of the country’s total emissions. It identifies three principal sources: limestone calcination, responsible for 56 per cent of sector emissions; fuel combustion, contributing 32 per cent; and electricity consumption, accounting for the remaining 12 per cent. Despite significant improvements in energy efficiency over the past decade, the report notes that further reductions will require structural changes in production processes, material utilisation and energy sourcing.
India’s cement industry already operates among the world’s most energy-efficient sectors, with average thermal energy consumption of approximately 731 kcal/kg of clinker and electrical energy consumption of 73 kWh/tonne of cement, compared with global averages of 838 kcal/kg and 104 kWh/tonne, respectively. The report emphasises that future decarbonisation must therefore go beyond incremental efficiency improvements and focus on alternative fuels, clinker substitution, renewable electricity and carbon capture.
Strategic levers for reducing emissions
The report identifies five strategic levers for decarbonisation. Increasing the use of alternative fuels such as biomass and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) could reduce dependence on conventional fossil fuels; however, these fuels currently account for only 6 per cent of the energy used to heat cement kilns in India. The report recommends increasing the thermal substitution rate to 20 per cent by 2030, supported by reliable fuel supplies and streamlined transportation and approval systems.
Clinker substitution through supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), including fly ash, slag and limestone calcined clay cement (LC3), offers another significant opportunity, with the potential to address 7 to 15 per cent of cement-sector emissions. The report also identifies electricity decarbonisation through renewable power, waste heat recovery and efficient grinding systems as important interventions. India’s installed waste heat recovery capacity stands at 538 MW, with potential to reach approximately 1,100 MW.
Emerging technologies and low-carbon cement
The report highlights LC3, composite cement and geopolymer cement as promising alternatives to conventional Portland cement. LC3 combines clinker, calcined clay, limestone and gypsum, with the potential to reduce CO2 emissions by up to 40 per cent compared with traditional Portland cement. Pilot projects and early commercial trials in India have demonstrated clinker reductions of 30 per cent to 40 per cent while maintaining comparable performance to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The report also identifies Noida International Airport (Jewar) as India’s first large-scale deployment of LC3.
Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) is identified as a long-term solution for addressing process emissions that cannot be eliminated through conventional efficiency measures. The report notes that carbon capture costs typically range from US$ 40–120 per tonne of CO2, highlighting the need for supportive policies, shared infrastructure and investment. Emerging technologies such as mineralisers, fluidised-bed calcination, low-pressure-drop cyclones and high-efficiency classifiers are also identified as opportunities to further reduce energy consumption and emissions.
Conclusion
The report recommends a phased approach to decarbonisation, beginning with the scaling of composite cement, LC3, alternative fuels, renewable electricity and waste heat recovery between 2025 and 2030. The second phase, covering 2030–2040, focuses on higher alternative-fuel substitution rates, electric logistics fleets and emerging technologies such as oxyfuel kilns. The final phase, from 2040 to 2070, prioritises the deployment of CCUS and potentially green hydrogen to address residual emissions.
The study concludes that achieving India’s net zero ambitions will require coordinated action across the cement value chain, supported by technology development, investment, evolving standards and stronger policy frameworks. It also highlights the importance of market acceptance and demand-side measures, including green public procurement and low-carbon construction practices. By combining immediate efficiency improvements with long-term technological transformation, India’s cement industry can reduce emissions while maintaining competitiveness and supporting sustainable infrastructure growth.