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The AFR Advantage

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Accelerating sustainability in the cement industry through alternative fuels and raw materials is key to reducing carbon emissions, optimising resources, and advancing circular economy initiatives. As the industry moves towards a low-carbon future, ICR discusses these critical developments with industry experts.

The cement industry plays a crucial role in infrastructure development and economic growth. However, it is also one of the most carbon-intensive industries, responsible for nearly seven per cent of global CO2 emissions (IEA, 2023). The industry’s heavy reliance on fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum coke, combined with the high emissions from clinker production, has led to growing concerns over its environmental impact.
To address these challenges, cement manufacturers worldwide are increasingly adopting alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) as part of their sustainability strategies. AFR not only helps in reducing carbon emissions but also supports waste management by utilising industrial by-products and municipal waste. By replacing conventional fuels and raw materials with more sustainable alternatives, the cement industry can significantly lower its environmental footprint while contributing to the circular economy.
Traditional cement manufacturing processes consume large amounts of natural resources, including limestone, clay, and fossil fuels. The production
of one tonne of cement generates approximately 0.9 tonnes of CO2, with the calcination of limestone contributing to 60 per cent of total emissions, while the burning of fossil fuels accounts for the remaining 40 per cent (GCCA, 2023). With global demand for cement expected to rise due to rapid urbanisation and infrastructure expansion, the urgency to adopt low-carbon alternatives has never been greater.
A study by the Global Cement and Concrete Association (GCCA, 2023) highlights that to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, the cement industry must reduce its carbon footprint by at least 40 per cent by 2030. Alternative fuels and raw materials present a viable pathway to achieving this goal by replacing traditional carbon-intensive inputs with more sustainable and energy-efficient options.

Reducing fossil fuel dependency in cement kilns
Cement kilns operate at extremely high temperatures—often exceeding 1,400°C—making them highly suitable for the incineration of alternative fuels. These high temperatures ensure complete combustion, effectively neutralising pollutants and reducing waste disposal challenges. The most commonly used alternative fuels in cement manufacturing include:

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)
Municipal solid waste, particularly its non-recyclable components, can be processed into refuse-derived fuel (RDF), which serves as a viable replacement for coal. RDF is composed of materials such as plastics, paper, textiles, and organic waste, which are processed to achieve a high calorific value.
In India, the use of RDF has increased by 12 per cent annually, driven by government initiatives like the Swachh Bharat Mission and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) directives on waste-to-energy projects. Cement plants that integrate RDF in their fuel mix not only reduce reliance on fossil fuels but also contribute to municipal
waste management, preventing large-scale landfill accumulation.

Biomass and agricultural waste
India generates over 500 million tonnes of agricultural waste annually (NITI Aayog, 2022), a significant portion of which goes unutilised or is burned in open fields, contributing to severe air pollution. By leveraging biomass materials such as rice husks, sawdust, coconut shells, sugarcane bagasse, and groundnut shells, cement kilns can replace conventional fuels with carbon-neutral alternatives.
Biomass combustion releases only the CO2 absorbed by plants during their growth cycle, making it an environmentally friendly energy source. Moreover, cement plants using biomass benefit from reduced fuel costs and government incentives for sustainable energy adoption.
Tushar Khandhadia, General Manager – Production, Udaipur Cement Works, says, “Alternative fuels (such as biomass, waste-derived fuels or industrial by-products) often have lower energy content compared to traditional fuels like coal or pet coke. This means that more of the alternative fuel is required to achieve the same level of heat generation. As a result, more fuel needs to be burned, potentially increasing the overall heat consumption of the kiln.”
“Some alternative fuels have higher moisture content or volatile substances, requiring additional energy to evaporate the moisture or combust these volatile compounds. This can lead to a higher heat consumption during the combustion process,”he adds.

Scrap tires and rubber waste
Discarded rubber tires pose a significant waste disposal challenge, with millions accumulating in landfills each year. Cement kilns provide an ideal solution by using shredded tires as an alternative fuel, leveraging their high calorific value, which is comparable to coal. Studies indicate that each ton of scrap tires used in cement kilns can replace approximately 0.7 tonnes of coal, resulting in substantial CO2 emission reductions (CEMBUREAU, 2023).

Industrial and hazardous waste
Cement kilns are also used to incinerate industrial and hazardous waste, including solvents, paint sludge, petrochemical residues and pharmaceutical waste. The extreme temperatures and long residence times in kilns ensure complete combustion, preventing toxic emissions.
India’s Hazardous Waste Management Rules (2016) encourage industries to co-process their waste in cement plants rather than disposing of it in landfills, thus minimising environmental risks while supporting sustainable fuel alternatives.
S Sathish, Partner and National Sector Leader – Industrial Manufacturing, KPMG India, says, “Energy and fuel cost is one of the key costs for cement sector. While a lot of focus has been done on energy consumption optimisation, waste heat recovery areas, buying optimisation of coal and petcoke is a new area, which cement companies are focusing on. Having an AI-based model to optimise the buying cost of fuel, based on petcoke price trends, price trends of coal from different sources, both import and domestic, quality variation analysis of different sources, etc. is a best practice adopted by some leading players to optimise fuel buying. Exploration with green fuels and alternative fuel resources is another big area cement players are working on.”

AFR: A sustainable approach to clinker reduction
The production of clinker, the key ingredient in cement, is highly energy-intensive and generates a significant amount of CO2. By using alternative raw materials (ARMs), manufacturers can reduce their clinker factor, leading to lower emissions and improved resource efficiency.
While replacing fossil fuels like coal and pet coke with alternative fuels can help lower CO2 emissions in the cement industry, the overall reduction is often limited—typically ranging from 1–5 per cent in most cases, with a maximum potential of 18 per cent in select scenarios. The extent of reduction depends largely on the biogenic content of the alternative fuel source. Additionally, certain alternative fuels contain higher levels of sulphur, nitrogen, chlorine, heavy metals and other volatile compounds, which can lead to increased emissions of non-CO2 air pollutants. As a result, maintaining control over emissions—beyond just CO2, including SOX and NOX—has become a key focus. To mitigate these risks, ongoing investments have been necessary as the use of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) continues
to grow.

The most widely used ARMs in cement production include:

Fly ash and bottom ash
Fly ash, a by-product of coal-fired thermal power plants, has gained widespread adoption as a partial clinker substitute. India produces around 226 million tonnes of fly ash annually (CEA, 2023), a substantial portion of which can be utilised in cement production.
Fly ash not only reduces CO2 emissions but also enhances cement properties such as durability, workability, and resistance to sulfate attacks. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) allows up to 35 per cent fly ash in Portland

Pozzolana Cement
(PPC), making it a key component of sustainable cement formulations.

Steel slag and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS)
The steel industry generates approximately 25 million tonnes of slag annually (Ministry of Steel, 2023). Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) is a valuable clinker substitute, with the potential to replace up to 60 per cent of clinker in cement production.
GBFS-based cement exhibits superior strength, durability, and resistance to harsh environmental conditions, making it a preferred choice for infrastructure projects, marine structures, and
road construction.
Olli Hänninen, Owner and Co-founder, Moviator Oy says “The key advantage of using slag today is its ability to reduce CO2 emissions. Cement production relies on four key oxides: calcium oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide and iron oxide—all of which are present in slag. Since slag has already undergone thermal treatment, its use in cement manufacturing requires less energy. As a result, producing cement with slag generates lower CO2 emissions.”

Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)
Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) is an innovative low-carbon cement that reduces clinker content by 50 per cent, significantly lowering energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Research conducted by IIT Delhi and EPFL Switzerland suggests that LC3 cement has 25 per cent to 30 per cent lower CO2 emissions compared to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) while maintaining comparable strength and performance.

Challenges in large-scale AFR adoption
Despite the significant benefits of AFR, its widespread adoption in India remains limited, accounting for less than 5 per cent of total cement production, compared to 40 per cent in Germany and 60 per cent in the Netherlands (GCCA, 2023). Key challenges include:

Lack of infrastructure for waste collection, sorting, and processing.
Variability in AFR quality, leading to inconsistent combustion efficiency.
Regulatory hurdles in obtaining permits for hazardous waste co-processing.
Limited public awareness about the environmental benefits of AFR.

Strategies for enhancing AFR utilisation
To accelerate the adoption of AFR in India, cement manufacturers must focus on:
1. Developing pre-processing facilities: Establishing regional AFR hubs for waste segregation and processing.
2. Enhancing policy incentives: Government support through tax benefits, subsidies and carbon credits.
3. Industry collaboration: Partnerships between cement companies, municipalities and waste management firms.
4. Advanced emission monitoring: Implementing real-time air quality sensors to ensure compliance with environmental norms.

Andrey Korablin, Founder, SmartScrap, says, “One of the biggest challenges is the human factor. Unfortunately, in many industrial enterprises, people are resistant to change. This is not only because mid-level employees are reluctant to adapt but also due to a lack of proper motivation for using alternative raw materials. In many cases, alternative materials can initially lead to lower productivity or increased energy consumption.”
“These factors directly impact key performance indicators (KPIs) for employees. If using alternative raw materials negatively affects these KPIs, it can also reduce their salaries. Additionally, there is little incentive for employees to seek alternative solutions—if their initiative proves successful, they may receive no financial reward. However, if they make a mistake, they could be demotivated or even risk losing their jobs. This is why, at the top management level, it is crucial to create a system of motivation and a company culture that encourages change and innovation,”
he adds.

Conclusion
The integration of alternative fuels and raw materials is essential for the cement industry’s transition towards low-carbon and sustainable manufacturing practices. By replacing fossil fuels and traditional raw materials with eco-friendly alternatives, the industry can significantly reduce emissions, lower energy consumption, and contribute to a circular economy. With the right policies, technological advancements, and industry collaboration, AFR adoption in India can scale up, paving the way for a more sustainable and resilient cement sector.

– Kanika Mathur

Economy & Market

Smart Pumping for Rock Blasting

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SEEPEX introduces BN pumps with Smart Joint Access (SJA) to improve efficiency, reliability, and inspection speed in demanding rock blasting operations.
Designed for abrasive and chemical media, the solution supports precise dosing, reduced downtime, and enhanced operational safety.

SEEPEX has introduced BN pumps with Smart Joint Access (SJA), engineered for the reliable and precise transfer of abrasive, corrosive, and chemical media in mining and construction. Designed for rock blasting, the pump features a large inspection opening for quick joint checks, a compact footprint for mobile or skid-mounted installations, and flexible drive and material options for consistent performance and uptime.

“Operators can inspect joints quickly and rely on precise pumping of shear-sensitive and abrasive emulsions,” said Magalie Levray, Global Business Development Manager Mining at SEEPEX. “This is particularly critical in rock blasting, where every borehole counts for productivity.” Industry Context

Rock blasting is essential for extracting hard rock and shaping safe excavation profiles in mining and construction. Accurate and consistent loading of explosive emulsions ensures controlled fragmentation, protects personnel, and maximizes productivity. Even minor deviations in pumping can cause delays or reduce product quality. BN pumps with SJA support routine maintenance and pre-operation checks by allowing fast verification of joint integrity, enabling more efficient operations.

Always Inspection Ready

Smart Joint Access is designed for inspection-friendly operations. The large inspection opening in the suction housing provides direct access to both joints, enabling rapid pre-operation checks while maintaining high operational reliability. Technicians can assess joint condition quickly, supporting continuous, reliable operation.

Key Features

  • Compact Footprint: Fits truck-mounted mobile units, skid-mounted systems, and factory installations.
  • Flexible Drive Options: Compact hydraulic drive or electric drive configurations.
  • Hydraulic Efficiency: Low-displacement design reduces oil requirements and supports low total cost of ownership.
  • Equal Wall Stator Design: Ensures high-pressure performance in a compact footprint.
  • Material Flexibility: Stainless steel or steel housings, chrome-plated rotors, and stators in NBR, EPDM, or FKM.

Operators benefit from shorter inspection cycles, reliable dosing, seamless integration, and fast delivery through framework agreements, helping to maintain uptime in critical rock blasting processes.

Applications – Optimized for Rock Blasting

BN pumps with SJA are designed for mining, tunneling, quarrying, civil works, dam construction, and other sectors requiring precise handling of abrasive or chemical media. They provide robust performance while enabling fast, reliable inspection and maintenance.With SJA, operators can quickly access both joints without disassembly, ensuring emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently. This reduces downtime, preserves product integrity, and supports uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.

With the Smart Joint Access inspection opening, operators can quickly access and assess the condition of both joints without disassembly, enabling immediate verification of pump readiness prior to blast hole loading. This allows operators to confirm that emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently, protecting personnel, minimizing product degradation, and maintaining uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.

The combination of equal wall stator design, compact integration, flexible drives, and progressive cavity pump technology ensures continuous, reliable operation even in space-limited, high-pressure environments.

From Inspection to Operation

A leading explosives provider implemented BN pumps with SJA in open pit and underground operations. By replacing legacy pumps, inspection cycles were significantly shortened, allowing crews to complete pre-operation checks and return mobile units to productive work faster. Direct joint access through SJA enabled immediate verification, consistent emulsion dosing, and reduced downtime caused by joint-related deviations.

“The inspection opening gives immediate confidence that each joint is secure before proceeding to bore holes,” said a site technician. “It allows us to act quickly, keeping blasting schedules on track.”

Framework agreements ensured rapid pump supply and minimal downtime, supporting multi-site operations across continents

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Concrete

Digital process control is transforming grinding

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Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, delves into how digital intelligence is transforming cement grinding into a predictive, stable, and energy-efficient operation.

Grinding sits at the heart of cement manufacturing, accounting for the largest share of electrical energy consumption. In this interview, Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, explains how advanced grinding technologies, data-driven optimisation and process intelligence are transforming mill performance, reducing power consumption and supporting the industry’s decarbonisation goals.

How has the grinding process evolved in Indian cement plants to meet rising efficiency and sustainability expectations?
Over the past decade, Indian cement plants have seen a clear evolution in grinding technology, moving from conventional open-circuit ball mills to high-efficiency closed-circuit systems, Roller Press–Ball Mill combinations and Vertical Roller Mills (VRMs). This shift has been supported by advances in separator design, improved wear-resistant materials, and the growing use of digital process automation. As a result, grinding units today operate as highly controlled manufacturing systems where real-time data, process intelligence and efficient separation work together to deliver stable and predictable performance.
From a sustainability perspective, these developments directly reduce specific power consumption, improve equipment reliability and lower the carbon footprint per tonne of cement produced.

How critical is grinding optimisation in reducing specific power consumption across ball mills and VRMs?
Grinding is the largest consumer of electrical energy in a cement plant, which makes optimisation one of the most effective levers for improving energy efficiency. In ball mill systems, optimisation through correct media selection, charge design, diaphragm configuration, ventilation management and separator tuning can typically deliver power savings of 5 per cent to 8 per cent. In VRMs, fine-tuning airflow balance, grinding pressure, nozzle ring settings, and circulating load can unlock energy reductions in the range of 8 per cent to 12 per cent. Across both systems, sustained operation under stable conditions is critical. Consistency in mill loading and operating parameters improves quality control, reduces wear, and enables long-term energy efficiency, making stability a key operational KPI.

What challenges arise in maintaining consistent cement quality when using alternative raw materials and blended compositions?
The increased use of alternative raw materials and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) introduces variability in chemistry, moisture, hardness, and loss on ignition. This variability makes it more challenging to maintain consistent fineness, particle size distribution, throughput and downstream performance parameters such as setting time, strength development and workability.
As clinker substitution levels rise, grinding precision becomes increasingly important. Even small improvements in consistency enable higher SCM utilisation without compromising cement performance.
Addressing these challenges requires stronger feed homogenisation, real-time quality monitoring and dynamic adjustment of grinding parameters so that output quality remains stable despite changing input characteristics.

How is digital process control changing the way grinding performance is optimised?
Digital process control is transforming grinding from an operator-dependent activity into a predictive, model-driven operation. Technologies such as online particle size and residue analysers, AI-based optimisation platforms, digital twins for VRMs and Roller Press systems, and advanced process control solutions are redefining how performance is managed.
At the same time, workforce roles are evolving. Operators are increasingly focused on interpreting data trends through digital dashboards and responding proactively rather than relying on manual interventions. Together, these tools improve mill stability, enable faster response to disturbances, maintain consistent fineness, and reduce specific energy consumption while minimising manual effort.

How do you see grinding technologies supporting the industry’s low-clinker and decarbonisation goals?
Modern grinding technologies are central to the industry’s decarbonisation efforts. They enable higher incorporation of SCMs such as fly ash, slag, and limestone, improve particle fineness and reactivity, and reduce overall power consumption. Efficient grinding makes it possible to maintain consistent cement quality at lower clinker factors. Every improvement in energy intensity and particle engineering directly contributes to lower CO2 emissions.
As India moves toward low-carbon construction, precision grinding will remain a foundational capability for delivering sustainable, high-performance cement aligned with national and global climate objectives.

How much potential does grinding optimisation hold for immediate energy
and cost savings?
The potential for near-term savings is substantial. Without major capital investment, most plants can achieve 5 per cent to 15 per cent power reduction through measures such as improving separator efficiency, optimising ventilation, refining media grading, and fine-tuning operating parameters.
With continued capacity expansion across India, advanced optimisation tools will help ensure that productivity gains are not matched by proportional increases in energy demand. Given current power costs, this translates into direct and measurable financial benefits, making grinding optimisation one of the fastest-payback operational initiatives available to cement manufacturers today.

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Concrete

Refractory demands in our kiln have changed

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Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, points out why performance, predictability and life-cycle value now matter more than routine replacement in cement kilns.

As Indian cement plants push for higher throughput, increased alternative fuel usage and tighter shutdown cycles, refractory performance in kilns and pyro-processing systems is under growing pressure. In this interview, Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, shares how refractory demands have evolved on the ground and how smarter digital monitoring is improving kiln stability, uptime and clinker quality.

How have refractory demands changed in your kiln and pyro-processing line over the last five years?
Over the last five years, refractory demands in our kiln and pyro line have changed. Earlier, the focus was mostly on standard grades and routine shutdown-based replacement. But now, because of higher production loads, more alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) usage and greater temperature variation, the expectation from refractory has increased.
In our own case, the current kiln refractory has already completed around 1.5 years, which itself shows how much more we now rely on materials that can handle thermal shock, alkali attack and coating fluctuations. We have moved towards more stable, high-performance linings so that we don’t have to enter the kiln frequently for repairs.
Overall, the shift has been from just ‘installation and run’ to selecting refractories that give longer life, better coating behaviour and more predictable performance under tougher operating conditions.

What are the biggest refractory challenges in the preheater, calciner and cooler zones?
• Preheater: Coating instability, chloride/sulphur cycles and brick erosion.
• Calciner: AFR firing, thermal shock and alkali infiltration.
• Cooler: Severe abrasion, red-river formation and mechanical stress on linings.
Overall, the biggest challenge is maintaining lining stability under highly variable operating conditions.

How do you evaluate and select refractory partners for long-term performance?
In real plant conditions, we don’t select a refractory partner just by looking at price. First, we see their past performance in similar kilns and whether their material has actually survived our operating conditions. We also check how strong their technical support is during shutdowns, because installation quality matters as much as the material itself.
Another key point is how quickly they respond during breakdowns or hot spots. A good partner should be available on short notice. We also look at their failure analysis capability, whether they can explain why a lining failed and suggest improvements.
On top of this, we review the life they delivered in the last few campaigns, their supply reliability and their willingness to offer plant-specific custom solutions instead of generic grades. Only a partner who supports us throughout the life cycle, which includes selection, installation, monitoring and post-failure analysis, fits our long-term requirement.

Can you share a recent example where better refractory selection improved uptime or clinker quality?
Recently, we upgraded to a high-abrasion basic brick at the kiln outlet. Earlier we had frequent chipping and coating loss. With the new lining, thermal stability improved and the coating became much more stable. As a result, our shutdown interval increased and clinker quality remained more consistent. It had a direct impact on our uptime.

How is increased AFR use affecting refractory behaviour?
Increased AFR use is definitely putting more stress on the refractory. The biggest issue we see daily is the rise in chlorine, alkalis and volatiles, which directly attack the lining, especially in the calciner and kiln inlet. AFR firing is also not as stable as conventional fuel, so we face frequent temperature fluctuations, which cause more thermal shock and small cracks in the lining.
Another real problem is coating instability. Some days the coating builds too fast, other days it suddenly drops, and both conditions impact refractory life. We also notice more dust circulation and buildup inside the calciner whenever the AFR mix changes, which again increases erosion.
Because of these practical issues, we have started relying more on alkali-resistant, low-porosity and better thermal shock–resistant materials to handle the additional stress coming from AFR.

What role does digital monitoring or thermal profiling play in your refractory strategy?
Digital tools like kiln shell scanners, IR imaging and thermal profiling help us detect weakening areas much earlier. This reduces unplanned shutdowns, helps identify hotspots accurately and allows us to replace only the critical sections. Overall, our maintenance has shifted from reactive to predictive, improving lining life significantly.

How do you balance cost, durability and installation speed during refractory shutdowns?
We focus on three points:
• Material quality that suits our thermal profile and chemistry.
• Installation speed, in fast turnarounds, we prefer monolithic.
• Life-cycle cost—the cheapest material is not the most economical. We look at durability, future downtime and total cost of ownership.
This balance ensures reliable performance without unnecessary expenditure.

What refractory or pyro-processing innovations could transform Indian cement operations?
Some promising developments include:
• High-performance, low-porosity and nano-bonded refractories
• Precast modular linings to drastically reduce shutdown time
• AI-driven kiln thermal analytics
• Advanced coating management solutions
• More AFR-compatible refractory mixes

These innovations can significantly improve kiln stability, efficiency and maintenance planning across the industry.

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