As the cement industry prioritises sustainability and performance, Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) are redefining standards, explains Tushar Khandhadia, General Manager – Production, Udaipur Cement Works.
What role do supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) play in enhancing the performance and sustainability of cement and concrete?
SCMs play a crucial role in enhancing the performance and sustainability of cement and concrete. These materials are added to concrete to improve its properties such as strength, durability, and workability, as well as to reduce the environmental impact of cement production. The addition of SCMs to cement reduces the amount of Portland cement required to manufacture concrete, reducing the carbon footprint of the concrete. These materials are often industrial waste products or by-products that can be used as a replacement for cement, such as fly ash, slag and silica fume.
SCMs also reduce the amount of water required to produce concrete, which reduces the environmental impact of concrete production. This is achieved through their ability to improve the workability of concrete, allowing the same amount of work to be done with less water.
In addition, SCMs improve the durability of concrete by reducing the risk of cracking and improving resistance to chemical attack and other forms of degradation.
How has your company integrated SCMs into its production process, and what challenges have you encountered?
The integration of SCMs into cement and concrete production may pose certain challenges in the areas of sourcing, handling and production optimisation.
Sourcing: Finding an adequate and reliable supply of SCMs can be a challenge. Some SCMs, such as fly ash and slag, are readily available by-products of other industrial processes, while others such as silica fume or metakaolin may be more difficult to source.
Handling: The storage, handling, and transportation of SCMs require special considerations due to their physical and chemical properties. For instance, some SCMs are stored in moist conditions to prevent them from drying out and becoming airborne, which could pose a safety risk to workers.
Production optimisation: The addition of SCMs into the mix may require adjustments to the production process to achieve the desired properties of cement and concrete. For example, the use of SCMs may affect the setting time, workability, strength gain, and other properties of the final product, which may require reconfiguration of the production process.
Quality control: The addition of SCMs may introduce variability in the properties of cement and concrete, and rigorous quality control measures are necessary to ensure the final product meets the required specifications and standards.
Proper planning, handling and production optimisation are essential in overcoming the challenges encountered during the integration process.
Can you share insights on how SCMs such as fly ash, slag and silica fume impact the durability and strength of concrete in different environmental conditions?
Fly ash is a by-product of coal combustion and is widely used as an SCM in the production of concrete. When added to concrete, fly ash reacts with the calcium hydroxide present in the concrete to form additional cementitious materials, resulting in improved strength and durability. Fly ash increases the durability of concrete by improving its resistance to sulphate and acid attacks, reducing shrinkage and decreasing the permeability of concrete. Fly ash also enhances the workability and pumpability of concrete while reducing the heat of hydration, which reduces the risk of thermal cracking. In cold climates, fly ash helps to reduce the risk of freeze-thaw damage.
Slag is a by-product of steel production and is used as an SCM because of its high silica and alumina content. When added to concrete, slag reacts with the calcium hydroxide present in the concrete to form additional cementitious materials, resulting in improved strength and durability. Slag increases the durability of concrete by improving its resistance to sulphate and acid attacks, reducing shrinkage and improving the strength of concrete over time. Slag also enhances the workability of concrete, reduces the heat of hydration, and improves the resistance of concrete to chloride penetration.
Silica fume is a by-product of the production of silicon and ferrosilicon alloys and is used as an SCM because of its high silica content. When added to concrete, silica fumes react with the calcium hydroxide present in the concrete to form additional cementitious materials, resulting in improved strength and durability. Silica fume increases the durability of concrete by improving its resistance to sulphate and acid attacks, reducing permeability, and improving abrasion resistance. Silica fume also enhances the workability of concrete, reduces the heat of hydration, and improves the resistance of concrete to chloride penetration.
Overall, the use of SCMs such as fly ash, slag and silica fume can significantly improve the durability and strength of concrete in different environmental conditions. Their impact on concrete varies depending on the availability, physical and chemical properties of the specific SCM being used and proper testing and engineering analysis should be done for each mix design in order to optimise the final product.
With the global push for sustainability, how do SCMs contribute to reducing the carbon footprint of cement production?
SCMs provide an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional Portland cement by reducing the amount of clinker required to produce cement. Clinker is the main ingredient in Portland cement and is produced by heating limestone and other raw materials to high temperatures, which releases significant GHG emissions. Thus, by using SCMs, less clinker is required, thereby reducing GHG emissions, energy use and the environmental impact of cement production. Some SCMs such as fly ash and slag are by-products of other industrial processes, meaning that their use in cement production reduces waste and enhances resource efficiency. Moreover, the use of SCMs can enhance the properties of concrete, thereby increasing its durability and service life which helps to further reduce the overall embodied carbon of the structure.
In short, the use of SCMs contributes to reducing the carbon footprint of cement production by improving the efficiency of resource utilisation and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during the production process. This has led to an increased demand for SCMs in the construction industry, as environmental concerns and sustainable development goals have become more prominent factors in the selection of building materials.
What strategies or innovations has your company adopted to ensure a consistent and reliable supply of SCMs, given their reliance on industrial by-products?
Developing partnerships with suppliers: Many cement and concrete manufacturers establish long-term partnerships with suppliers of SCMs. These partnerships provide a reliable supply of high-quality SCMs, improve supply chain efficiency, and often provide access to new sources of SCMs.
Advanced SCM processing techniques: Many companies are investing in advanced processing techniques to unlock new sources of high-quality SCMs. Advanced processing techniques include new separation processes, calcination techniques, and chemical activation methods.
Alternative SCM sources: Many companies are exploring alternative SCM sources to supplement or replace traditional SCMs. Examples include agricultural by-products such as rice hull ash or sugar cane bagasse ash, which can be used in place of fly ash.
Quality control measures: Strict quality control measures are necessary to ensure consistent quality of SCMs. Many companies use advanced testing methods, such as particle size analysis, chemical analysis, and performance testing, to validate the quality of SCM materials used in production.
Supply chain diversification: Diversifying suppliers and SCM sources is another way to ensure a reliable supply. This reduces the risk of supply chain disruptions caused by factors such as natural disasters, market changes, or geopolitical risks.
The strategies and innovations adopted to ensure a consistent and reliable supply of SCMs include establishing long-term partnerships with suppliers, investing in advanced processing techniques, exploring alternative SCM sources, implementing strict quality control measures, and diversifying supply chains. By implementing these approaches, we ensure that use of SCMs in cement production is an effective and viable solution for reducing the environmental impact of operations
How does the use of SCMs align with your company’s broader goals around circular economy and resource efficiency?
Here are some ways in which the use of SCMs supports these goals:
Reducing waste: The use of SCMs, such as fly ash and slag, diverts significant quantities of industrial waste from landfills, turning it into a valuable resource that can be used in construction. This helps to reduce waste and conserve natural resources.
Reducing carbon emissions: Cement production is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and the use of SCMs can significantly reduce the amount of cement required in concrete mixtures. This helps to reduce the carbon footprint of construction activities and move towards a low-carbon economy.
Enhancing resource efficiency: The use of SCMs can reduce the demand for raw materials, energy, and water in the production of concrete. This not only conserves natural resources but also reduces the costs associated with the extraction, transportation and processing of these materials.
Closing the loop: SCMs encourage closed-loop systems in the construction sector, where waste materials from one process become input materials for another. This can improve the efficiency and sustainability of the construction industry.
Supporting sustainable design practices: The use of SCMs can support sustainable design practices by improving the durability and performance of structures while also reducing their environmental impact. This supports a circular approach to design, construction and operation of buildings and infrastructure
that improves their social, economic and environmental sustainability.
What future trends or developments do you foresee in the use of SCMs within the cement industry?
Future trends in the use of SCMs within the cement industry are likely to focus on: increased utilisation of diverse waste-derived SCMs, development of new SCM sources to address potential shortages, advanced characterisation techniques to optimise SCM blends and data-driven approaches to predict and optimise SCM usage for reduced carbon footprint and improved concrete performance; all driven by the growing need for sustainable cement production and stricter environmental regulations.
Key aspects of this trend include:
Expanding SCM sources: Exploring a wider range of industrial byproducts and waste materials like recycled concrete aggregate, activated clays and certain types of industrial minerals as potential SCMs to reduce reliance on traditional sources like fly ash, which may become increasingly limited.
Advanced material characterisation: Utilising sophisticated techniques to better understand the chemical and physical properties of SCMs, allowing for more precise blending and optimisation of their use in cement mixtures.
Data-driven decision making: Implementing machine learning and big data analysis to predict the performance of different SCM combinations, allowing for real-time adjustments in cement production based on available SCM sources and desired concrete properties.
Focus on local sourcing: Prioritising the use of locally available SCMs to reduce transportation costs and environmental impact.
Development of new SCM processing techniques: Research into methods to enhance the reactivity and performance of less readily usable SCMs through processes like activation or modification.
Life cycle analysis (LCA) integration: Using LCA to assess the full environmental impact of different SCMs and optimise their use to minimise carbon emissions throughout the cement production process.
Regulatory frameworks and standards:Increased adoption of building codes and industry standards that promote the use of SCMs and set targets for reduced carbon emissions in cement production.
Two cement concrete pavement roads covering a total stretch of 2.2 km in Akhoya village were inaugurated on 27th June 2026 by MLA Nuklutoshi Longkumer, who attended as the special guest. The project comprises the one km L Pangersowa Road and the one point two km Longchara Junction to RC Chiten Jamir Memorial Government High School road. A formal programme followed the inauguration at the school auditorium.
A technical report was presented by Er Waloniba of the Urban Engineering Wing-III, Kohima, which stated the project was sanctioned in March 2026 under the Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment scheme for 2025-26 at a sanctioned cost of Rs 29.1 million (mn). The work order was issued to M/s Ensign Construction on thirtieth April 2026 with a stipulated completion period of 12 months. Work commenced on fourth May 2026 and was completed on sixth June 2026, with the contractor and team finishing the tasks in around two months. The project included a single-lane cement concrete pavement with side drains, two slab culverts and breast walls at required locations.
Longkumer acknowledged the Chief Minister, the advisor for urban development, contractors and other stakeholders for the allocation and support, and he commended the contractor for early completion. He noted that cooperation from landowners and the community had been important in resolving land related issues that can otherwise delay developmental works. He emphasised that planned developmental activities carried out with collective effort would enable more projects to be implemented successfully.
The headmaster of RC Chiten Jamir Memorial Government High School, I Chubasenba Longkumer, outlined the school background, noting it was established in 1962, was earlier known as Government High School Changtongya and was renamed in 2014. Local representatives said the improved approach roads would ease access for students, staff, patients and the general public and fulfil a long standing aspiration of residents. A dedicatory prayer was offered by the pastor and the programme concluded with a ribbon cutting attended by village council and town council representatives.
Indian Cement Review (ICR) and Fuller Technologies brought industry, policy and technology leaders together to discuss how cement innovation can drive green construction at scale, writes Rakesh Rao.
India is building at a pace few countries can match. Highways, airports, housing, logistics parks, industrial corridors and urban infrastructure are reshaping the country’s economic geography. But beneath this growth story lies a difficult question: can India continue to build at scale without locking itself into a high-carbon future?
That question formed the core of an online panel discussion titled “Driving Green Construction Through Cement Innovation”, organised by Indian Cement Review (ICR) in association with Fuller Technologies as the Presenting Partner on June 25, 2026. The webinar brought together experts from cement technology, R&D, global industry platforms, building performance policy and international development cooperation to examine how low-carbon cement and material innovation can accelerate India’s green construction transition.
The discussion came at a crucial time. India has committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070 and reducing the carbon intensity of its economy by 45 per cent by 2030. At the same time, the country’s construction sector is expanding rapidly, driven by urbanisation, infrastructure development, housing demand and industrial growth. Cement, as one of the most widely used construction materials, sits at the heart of this transition. It is indispensable to development, but also central to the challenge of reducing embodied carbon in buildings and infrastructure.
Moderated by Nitika Krishan, Senior Urban Infrastructure and Sustainable Policy Consultant, the panel featured:
Dr Hemantkumar Aiyer, VP and Head R&D, Nuvoco Vistas Corp Ltd;
Devika Wattal, Innovation Lead, Global Cement and Concrete Association (GCCA);
Dr Sunita Purushottam, MD, GBPN India (Global Buildings Performance Network); and
Vaibhav Rathi, Senior Technical Advisor, GIZ (the German Agency for International Cooperation)
Setting the tone for the discussion, Nitika Krishan underlined the scale of the challenge before the sector. “The question before us is no longer whether we build, but how we build sustainably,” she said. She pointed out that construction accounts for nearly 40 per cent of global energy-related carbon emissions when both operational and embodied carbon are considered. Cement production, she added, remains one of the hardest industrial processes to decarbonise.
For India, this is not merely an environmental issue. It is a development issue, a competitiveness issue and increasingly, a market issue. As one of the world’s largest cement producers and among the fastest-growing construction markets, India’s material choices will influence the carbon trajectory of its built environment for decades. As Krishan observed, sustainability solutions in economies such as India must not remain limited to laboratory success. They must be scalable, commercially viable and practical at national level.
The innovation gap: From technology to market
Experts believe that there is a need to bridge the innovation gaps for making decarbonisation in cement and concrete scalable. Devika Wattal of GCCA, explained, “The starting point must be the core cement manufacturing process itself. The first and foremost is the heart of our process, the heart of cement manufacturing. How do we reduce clinker? That is always a topic where industry is working very intrinsically.”
Clinker reduction remains one of the most important pathways for lowering emissions in cement. Since clinker production is energy-intensive and chemically emits carbon dioxide, reducing the clinker factor through supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), blended cements and new chemistries can have a significant impact. Wattal also noted that carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) will have a role, though it may not be the first lever for all markets.
However, she stressed that innovation cannot stop at technology development. A solution that works in the lab must also be adaptable to industry, scalable in production and acceptable in construction practice. “It is important for that innovation to be adaptable, to be scalable, and so that it can be executed in real time,” she said.
Wattal also called for stronger enabling systems around innovation. These include performance-based standards, product-level embodied carbon databases and clearer frameworks for evaluating green materials. Without these, low-carbon cement products may struggle to compete with conventional materials in procurement and design.
R&D must balance carbon, cost and performance
Bringing in the R&D perspective into the discussion, Dr Hemantkumar Aiyer of Nuvoco Vistas emphasised that low-carbon cement development cannot be treated as a single-variable exercise. Cement must perform in real construction conditions. It must deliver strength, durability, consistency and cost competitiveness, while also reducing carbon.
“The root of understanding and balancing all these aspects lies in materials, and knowing the materials,” he said.
According to Dr Aiyer, R&D teams must understand the variability of raw materials such as fly ash, slag and clinker. Different sources produce different material behaviours. This makes mix optimisation, material characterisation and processing-property relationships critical. When performance is affected, cement manufacturers must understand how strength enhancers, admixtures and other performance chemicals interact with the material system.
He also linked material science with process efficiency. Clinkerisation takes place at extremely high temperatures, around 1,400 to 1,450 degrees Celsius. Any improvement in raw mix design, process control or energy optimisation can, therefore, help reduce emissions and cost. Dr Aiyer pointed to artificial intelligence-based optimisation, Cement 4.0 tools and advanced software as important enablers for real-time process and material control.
“The more you understand the materials, the more you can control it,” he said.
LC3: The promise is proven, the sequencing is not
Limestone calcined clay cement, commonly referred to as LC3, has attracted global attention because it can reduce clinker content significantly by using calcined clay and limestone while maintaining performance in many applications. Kiranmai Sanagavarapu of Fuller Technologies said the technology itself has already moved beyond proof of concept. Fuller Technologies has worked with calcined clay technology for nearly two decades and has seen plants running in France and Ghana. These plants, she said, are meeting local and national specifications, while the economics are beginning to make sense.
“The calciner is performing, the economics is stacking up, it is making business sense to produce,” she said.
But if the technology is viable, why has adoption not scaled faster? For Sanagavarapu, the answer lies in project sequencing. Too often, clay characterisation happens after equipment is specified. This, she warned, is a backward approach because calciner design depends on clay mineralogy, kaolinite content, iron levels, reactivity, moisture and other variables.
“If you don’t know what your deposit looks like before you commit for the equipment, you are, in a way, going blind into designing,” she said.
She also identified permitting and plant integration as major bottlenecks. Environmental clearances, mining permissions and local regulatory approvals must begin early. Similarly, calcined clay must be integrated into existing grinding, blending and logistics systems from the design stage, not treated as an afterthought during commissioning.
India already has IS 18189:2023 standard for LC3, but Sanagavarapu pointed out that the standard is not yet visible enough in procurement documents. “The gap between what is technically being permitted and what the procurement is asking is the single biggest bottleneck,” she said.
In her view, successful scale-up depends on getting the sequence right: clay characterisation first, permitting in parallel, standards aligned with construction, and integration built into plant design.
India’s LC3 journey: Progress, but demand remains thin
Providing details of India’s LC3 commercialisation experience, Vaibhav Rathi of GIZ noted that JK Cement carried out the first commercial production of LC3 at its Rajasthan plant, followed by JK Lakshmi Cement three months later. These initiatives were supported by the International Climate Initiative of the Government of Germany, with IIT Delhi contributing deep institutional knowledge on LC3 research and BIS certification.
Rathi said India’s early experience has produced clear lessons. One of the biggest was the need to build capacity among regulators. While BIS certification existed, State Pollution Control Boards were unfamiliar with the technology and unsure about the approval pathway.
“The capacity building is not just needed amongst the producer and the users of the cement, but also the regulators who are working with this technology for the first time,” he said.
He also highlighted the need for better information on China clay deposits. Since China clay is currently classified as a minor mineral, centralised data on availability, quality and location is limited. If cement manufacturers are to adopt LC3 at scale, stronger mineral intelligence will be important.
The third issue is demand. LC3 has already been used in projects such as Palava City in Mumbai and Noida International Airport, but these remain limited examples. “It is in a chicken and egg situation,” Rathi said. “Cement companies are saying we need more demand, and users are saying there is not enough cement available.”
Public procurement, he suggested, could help break this cycle. If agencies such as CPWD and other public bodies begin testing, accepting and specifying LC3, it could create the market confidence needed for cement companies to invest in production and storage.
Building codes must catch up with innovation
Dr Sunita Purushottam of GBPN India argued that material choices will determine built environment emissions over the long term, but India’s current policy signals remain fragmented. Although LC3 has received BIS recognition, she pointed out that building codes, municipal bylaws, schedules of rates and sustainability codes do not yet provide uniform guidance on low-carbon cement.
“The current cement regulations are largely prescriptive and favouring traditional materials,” she said. This limits the ability of alternative materials to compete on performance, durability and emissions.
Dr Purushottam also raised the issue of taxation. Cement, including LC3, currently falls under the same GST bracket as conventional cement. A differentiated tax structure, she argued, could help accelerate market adoption. “In order for the market to demand LC3, that differentiation in the GST could go a long way,” she said.
She noted that green building certifications such as IGBC and GRIHA are already creating demand for low-carbon materials by assigning points for embodied carbon and sustainable material use. However, she said large-scale adoption will require regulatory mandates, particularly through building codes and state-level notifications.
She also cautioned that low-carbon cement alone does not solve the entire building performance problem. A material may reduce embodied carbon, but the operational carbon of a building depends on thermal performance, design, insulation and energy use. “The energy part has two elements,” she said. “One is the embodied carbon of the material itself, and the other is the operational carbon.”
Collaboration is the bridge between invention and impact
Wattal said GCCA sees innovation as a strategic priority and works through platforms that connect industry with academia and start-ups. “There is no way we will decarbonise our sector without innovation,” she said.
However, she stressed that research must be connected to actual industry challenges. Innovations developed in isolation may fail when they encounter real-world barriers such as raw material variability, plant integration, cost, standards and finance. Start-ups, too, need industry mentorship and scale-up pathways.
Wattal also flagged the importance of finance. Even strong technologies may struggle to attract investment if there is no common understanding of bankability. “We have always put projects into, is this a bankable project? But the definition of a bankable project has never been defined,” she said.
For India, she saw strong potential in its academic and start-up ecosystem, but said the challenge lies in alignment and prioritisation. The country has the research base, industrial capacity and market size. What it now needs is a coordinated route from innovation to deployment.
There is a practical concern for cement manufacturers: how can existing plants be adapted for lower emissions without compromising reliability or commercial viability?
Kiranmai Sanagavarapu addressed, “The reliability risk in calcined clay retrofit is definitely real, but it is almost always self-inflicted. The risk arises when a new process is added to an existing circuit without properly redesigning grinding and blending configurations.”
Existing cement plants, she explained, can take two broad routes. The first is external sourcing of calcined clay combined with mill optimisation. This requires lower capital investment and can potentially move in 12 to 18 months if other conditions are in place. It may reduce emissions by around 20 to 30 per cent. The second route is integrated calcination on site, which requires higher capital expenditure and longer lead times, but provides greater control over quality, supply and emissions reduction potential.
For Sanagavarapu, the principle is simple: low-carbon retrofits must be designed with intent. “Design it with an intent properly from the start. Start in the market conditions where the economics are already working,” she said.
Circularity: The overlooked advantage
According to Vaibhav Rathi, fly ash and slag are already well established in cement and construction (C&D), but construction and demolition waste remains underutilised. “C&D waste is a growing business opportunity which not many have taken up,” he said. India’s continuous construction and demolition activity creates huge volumes of waste, much of which contributes to air pollution, land degradation and material inefficiency. With the right processing and standards, this waste can be converted into useful construction products.
Rathi also pointed out that LC3 has a circular economy dimension that is often overlooked. It can use low-grade kaolin-rich clay left behind after high-grade clay is extracted for other applications. “LC3 is not only a low-carbon solution, but also a circular economy solution,” he said.
At the same time, he cautioned that LC3 in India is not yet cheap because it has not reached scale. Site-specific techno-commercial feasibility studies, supported jointly by development agencies and industry, could help companies assess whether LC3 production makes technical and financial sense at a given location.
Dr Purushottam added that India must address both low-carbon cement and construction waste together. “Both low-carbon cement and C&D waste go hand in hand. India does not have an option but to work on both,” she said.
Dr Aiyer called for policy shifts from both government and industry, including preferential purchasing of sustainable materials, minimum supplementary cementitious material requirements in public and public-private projects, and faster regulatory implementation. “If we can fast-track the regulatory standards and their implementation on the ground, that is the way to go,” he said.
From green ambition to green construction
Cement innovation is no longer only about chemistry. It is about systems. Low-carbon cement will scale only when technology, standards, procurement, finance, regulation, education and construction practice move together.
LC3 and other low-carbon technologies have shown promise. India has early commercial examples, strong research capability and growing market interest. But mainstream adoption will depend on whether demand can be created, regulators can be capacitated, standards can be embedded in procurement, and manufacturers can see a clear business case.
For a country building at India’s scale, the opportunity is enormous. Cement will continue to be central to infrastructure and urban development. The challenge now is to ensure that the cement used in India’s growth story carries a lower carbon burden.
Rakesh Rao
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JK Cement gained after being declared preferred bidder for the Gilund Limestone Block in Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, a lease area of 370.96 hectares. The firm saw its shares trade at Rs. 5550.05, up by 28.45 points or 0.52 per cent from the previous close of Rs. 5521.60 on the BSE. The scrip opened at Rs. 5569.15 and touched a high of Rs. 5625.00 and a low of Rs. 5531.00.
The stock recorded turnover of 1742 shares on the counter and the BSE group A stock with face value Rs. 10 has a 52 week high of Rs. 7565.00 on 20-Aug-2025 and a 52 week low of Rs. 4670.05 on 12-Jun-2026. Last one week high and low stood at Rs. 5625.00 and Rs. 5329.00 respectively. The promoters holding in the company stood at 45.66 per cent, while institutions and non-institutions held 40.61 per cent and 13.73 per cent respectively.
The e-auction conducted by the Government of Rajasthan resulted in the company being declared preferred bidder for the mining lease, and the allocation will enable the company to plan phased development of the deposit, subject to regulatory approvals. The Gilund block spans 370.96 hectares and its allocation is intended to support raw material security for the company’s cement operations in the region. The designation follows the government auction process and will allow the company to plan development and integration of the deposit into its supply chain.
The current market capitalisation stands at Rs. 430.38 billion (bn), reflecting market response to the mining news and prevailing valuation levels for the sector. Investors and analysts will watch for formal allotment and related disclosures that can clarify timelines, capital expenditure and expected production profiles. The report is intended for informational purposes and does not constitute investment advice, and market participants are advised to consult advisers before making decisions.
