Concrete
Role of Gasification
Published
2 years agoon
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admin
Dr Prateek Sharma, KPK Reddy, Moon Chourasia and Dr DK Panda, National Council for Cement and Building Materials (NCCBM), Ballabgarh, India, present their ideas on the integration of high ash refuse derived fuel and the role of gasification in the cement manufacturing process.
Refuse derived fuel (RDF) has been identified as one of the major fuels for the Indian cement industry to achieve TSR of around 30 per cent by 2030. However, challenges persist in maximising RDF utilisation in cement production like incomplete combustion, increased specific heat consumption, and inconsistent RDF quality due to varying sources and moisture content which can be overcome by RDF gasification. Gasification of RDF produces syngas that can be used as fuel, offering advantages in terms of combustion efficiency and clinker quality, particularly valuable for white cement manufacturing. Moreover, the ash produced in the gasification process can be repurposed as an alternative raw material. Experimental runs in a downward draft gasifier demonstrated the feasibility of RDF gasification and RDF-biomass co-gasification. A multi-zone gasifier model was also developed to simulate RDF gasification, taking into account the heterogeneous nature of RDF. The model successfully predicted the properties of the producer gas in each zone, providing a valuable tool for optimising gasification processes.
Nature of solid waste changes as societies get richer and more urbanised. Instead of biodegradable waste (wet), households generate more and more quantities of plastics, metals, and other non-biodegradable (dry) waste. 65 million tonnes of waste are generated annually in India of which over 62 million tonne is the share of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Only about 75-80 per cent of the municipal waste gets collected and out of this only 22- 28 per cent is processed and treated. The remaining MSW is deposited at dump yards. With population explosion and urbanisation, this trajectory is expected to reach 165 million tonnes by 2031, and up to 436 million tonnes by 2045. With this precipitous rise in the quantity of waste generated, the waste collection efficiency in India still has a lot to catch up.
RDF is a form of MSW that has been sorted and subject to basic processing treatment. MSW is treated by shredding and dehydrating to produce Refuse Derived fuel (RDF). It largely comprises combustible components of municipal waste which has more consistent combustion characteristics than unsorted MSW. RDF roughly comprises 15-20 per cent of MSW. As per the current scenario, the availability of RDF, considering the proximity of cement plants in India, is estimated to be around 13600 tonnes of RDF per day, equivalent to 4.96 million tonnes per annum. The Indian cement industry has improved to around 7 per cent thermal substitution rate (TSR) and is targeting to achieve 30 per cent TSR by 2030. Currently, all high TSR plants (14-30 per cent) are using RDF and plastics as major fuel with 69 per cent share in quantity. Currently, biomining is also being practised all over the country’s landfills to produce fractions comprising RDF, biodegradable matter, compost, and inert component. RDF produced is being sent to cement plants. However, there are operational challenges.
CHALLENGES WITH RDF USAGE
The maximum thermal substitution rate (TSR) achieved through RDF is 80-100 per cent in the calciner, while it is limited to 50-60 per cent in the kiln burner. Different AF pre-combustion technologies, advancements in multi-channel burners, and new satellite burners have supported high TSR worldwide. Extensive efforts in modelling kiln burners and calciners lead to enhanced TSR. However, the cement industry still faces fundamental operational issues such as high CO and incomplete combustion, increased specific heat consumption, reduced flame temperature, jamming and buildups. The nature of RDF including moisture content varies enormously with changes in sources. Improper segregation, low calorific value, high chloride content, cost fluctuations and poor characterisation facilities leads to an inconsistent quality altogether affecting the production and quality. Higher RDF utilisation sometimes requires a kiln bypass system which along with pre-processing also adds up as an additional cost.
RDF GASIFICATION AS A GAME CHANGER
RDF gasification can pose a promising solution to eliminate operational issues. Gasification is the thermal conversion of carbonaceous matter into a syngas by partial oxidation. Here the trash is heated in a low-oxygen environment to the point that it breaks down into its constituent molecules. This reaction has two products: a combustible gas called syngas and inert ash or char. Syngas can be directly burned in the calciner/kiln with minimal prior cleaning. Syngas has better combustion properties in the calciner than even small size solid waste directly fed to the calciner. Moisture will participate in gasification reactions to a certain extent and increase the NCV of syngas by contributing to H2 production through water gas shift reaction. NCV variations of the input fuel mix (coal and syngas) are reduced substantially due to consistent syngas composition. Moreover, it offers better clinker quality due to no additional ash in the clinker. No ash absorption by clinker can also facilitate the usage of marginal and low-grade limestone. Thus, a hard-to-burn fuel can be made easily combustible. Gasification integration with the cement industry will help achieve the target of 25 per cent TSR within the timeframe. The GOI has set a target of 100 million tonnes of coal gasification by the year 2030. This will also facilitate co-gasification of coal and waste, having the advantage of improved syngas quality.
GASIFIER INTEGRATION CONFIGURATIONS
There can be different configurations for integrating the gasifier with the pyroprocessing system reported in literature. Fuel gasification taking place in a gasifier in the presence of kiln exhaust gas at high temperature along with a portion of tertiary air from the cooler can be one option. Syngas gets burnt in the calciner in the presence of balanced tertiary air to provide heat for raw meal calcination. Tertiary air is split between calciner and gasifier. Another configuration involves a unique concept of separate hydrogen production taking advantage of the cement manufacturing process. Ash from the gasifier can be sent to the smoke chamber where some unburnt carbon present in ash will get burnt, and the heating value can be utilised for combustion purpose. Another way of ash utilisation is an alternative raw material. The syngas can also prove to be very helpful in white cement manufacturing. As per IS 8042, the iron content in white cement should be less than 1 per cent and the degree of whiteness should be greater than 70 per cent. As syngas has no residual ash, the whiteness index and iron content can be easily maintained. One configuration involves a separate gasifier set up and syngas produced being sent to the calciner replacing conventional fuel.
MODELLING and EXPERIMENTAL RUNS
National Council for Cement and Building Materials (NCCBM) in collaboration with the Birla Institute of Technology (BITS) Pilani-Pilani campus carried out experimental runs in a downward draft gasifier for RDF gasification and RDF-biomass mix co-gasification. RDF contains ash in the range of 30-50 per cent. A multizone gasifier model was developed for RDF gasification having four zones, i.e., drying, pyrolysis, oxidation/combustion and reduction/gasification. In each zone, different thermochemical phenomena occur. A stoichiometric approach is followed for modelling the drying, pyrolysis and combustion zone. The reduction zone is modelled as a cylindrical fixed bed reactor with a uniform cross-sectional area. The developed differential equations are solved using simulation software to predict the producer gas properties. Further, to study the integration of gasifier with calciner, a stoichiometric based model has been developed for calciner along with material and energy balance which predicted calciner outlet temperatures, gas composition, SO2 and CO2 for co-processing of producer gas as an alternative fuel in white cement plant replacing petcoke at 15 per cent TSR.
RESULTS
Gasification experiments were performed with RDF fluff and RDF pelléts as feedstock and air as gasifying agents. The gas yield ranges from 2.43-3.65 Nm/kg RDF with LHV of 1.87-2.24 MJ/Nm3 RDF and cold gas efficiency of 44-60 per cent. It is observed that RDF containing high ash content in the range of ~31-51 per cent is quite challenging to gasify in a downdraft-type gasifier with operational bridging and clinker formation issues. Upon adding O2 to air as a gasifying agent, LHV and CGE increased by 78 per cent and 30 per cent, respectively further, more experimental runs were carried out using RDF and biomass mix in different ratios using air as a gasifying agent. RDF-biomass mix co-gasification results are better than RDF gasification in terms of LHV and CGE. Upon adding O2 to air as a gasifying agent for a 50:50 RDF-biomass mix, LHV and CGE uncreased by 35.5 per cent and 8.35 per cent, respectively.
The proposed multizone gasifier model can predict the output of each zone satisfactorily since the model assumptions are more realistic and cater to the heterogeneous nature of RDF. The impact of equivalence ratio (ER), moisture content and reduction zone length on the performance of the gasifier are evaluated. For calciner modelling at 15 per cent
TSR, the model predicted the calciner outlet temperature accurately compared to the baseline scenario (100 per cent petcoke firing). Considering the biogenic content in RDF, CO2 mitigation potential due to RDF utilisation as producer gas is estimated to be 10.5 per cent of the baseline scenario at 15 per cent TSR.
CONCLUSION
RDF gasification stands out as a transformative approach to address operational challenges encountered in maximising RDF utilisation. By converting RDF into a syngas, this method provides several advantages apart from overcoming the current operational challenges during co-processing of RDF in cement production. The experimental runs and modelling efforts conducted in this research explore the viability of RDF gasification as a game-changing solution. This aligns well with India’s broader environmental, energy and waste utilisation objectives, positioning RDF gasification as a sustainable and efficient means of addressing the growing issue of solid waste while contributing to the country’s sustainability goals.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Dr Prateek Sharma is an energy auditor, manager at Centre for Mining, Environment, Plant Engineering, and Operations. He is also a Programme Leader of Advanced Fuel Technology programme at NCCBM.

KPK Reddy is an energy auditor, Manager at Centre for Mining, Environment, Plant Engineering and Operations. He is also a member of Project Engineering and System Design at NCCBM.

Moon Chourasia is a Project Scientist at the Centre for Mining, Environment, Plant Engineering and Operations at NCCBM.

Joint Director, NCB has over 36 years of experience in the areas of Geology, Raw Materials and Mining and administrative experience as a Team Leader, Programme Leader and Head of the Centre. He has executed more than 50 major industrial R&D projects.
Concrete
Our strategy is to establish reliable local partnerships
Published
16 hours agoon
February 19, 2026By
admin
Jean-Jacques Bois, President, Nanolike, discusses how real-time data is reshaping cement delivery planning and fleet performance.
As cement producers look to extract efficiency gains beyond the plant gate, real-time visibility and data-driven logistics are becoming critical levers of competitiveness. In this interview with Jean-Jacques Bois, President, Nanolike, we discover how the company is helping cement brands optimise delivery planning by digitally connecting RMC silos, improving fleet utilisation and reducing overall logistics costs.
How does SiloConnect enable cement plants to optimise delivery planning and logistics in real time?
In simple terms, SiloConnect is a solution developed to help cement suppliers optimise their logistics by connecting RMC silos in real time, ensuring that the right cement is delivered at the right time and to the right location. The core objective is to provide real-time visibility of silo levels at RMC plants, allowing cement producers to better plan deliveries.
SiloConnect connects all the silos of RMC plants in real time and transmits this data remotely to the logistics teams of cement suppliers. With this information, they can decide when to dispatch trucks, how to prioritise customers, and how to optimise fleet utilisation. The biggest savings we see today are in logistics efficiency. Our customers are able to sell and ship more cement using the same fleet. This is achieved by increasing truck rotation, optimising delivery routes, and ultimately delivering the same volumes at a lower overall logistics cost.
Additionally, SiloConnect is designed as an open platform. It offers multiple connectors that allow data to be transmitted directly to third-party ERP systems. For example, it can integrate seamlessly with SAP or other major ERP platforms, enabling automatic order creation whenever replenishment is required.
How does your non-exclusive sensor design perform in the dusty, high-temperature, and harsh operating conditions typical of cement plants?
Harsh operating conditions such as high temperatures, heavy dust, extreme cold in some regions, and even heavy rainfall are all factored into the product design. These environmental challenges are considered from the very beginning of the development process.
Today, we have thousands of sensors operating reliably across a wide range of geographies, from northern Canada to Latin America, as well as in regions with heavy rainfall and extremely high temperatures, such as southern Europe. This extensive field experience demonstrates that, by design, the SiloConnect solution is highly robust and well-suited for demanding cement plant environments.
Have you initiated any pilot projects in India, and what outcomes do you expect from them?
We are at the very early stages of introducing SiloConnect in India. Recently, we installed our
first sensor at an RMC plant in collaboration with FDC Concrete, marking our initial entry into the Indian market.
In parallel, we are in discussions with a leading cement producer in India to potentially launch a pilot project within the next three months. The goal of these pilots is to demonstrate real-time visibility, logistics optimisation and measurable efficiency gains, paving the way for broader adoption across the industry.
What are your long-term plans and strategic approach for working with Indian cement manufacturers?
For India, our strategy is to establish strong and reliable local partnerships, which will allow us to scale the technology effectively. We believe that on-site service, local presence, and customer support are critical to delivering long-term value to cement producers.
Ideally, our plan is to establish an Indian entity within the next 24 months. This will enable us to serve customers more closely, provide faster support and contribute meaningfully to the digital transformation of logistics and supply chain management in the Indian cement industry.
Concrete
Compliance and growth go hand in h and
Published
16 hours agoon
February 19, 2026By
admin
Pankaj Kejriwal, Whole Time Director and COO, Star Cement, on driving efficiency today and designing sustainability for tomorrow.
In an era where the cement industry is under growing pressure to decarbonise while scaling capacity, Star Cement is charting a pragmatic yet forward-looking path. In this conversation, Pankaj Kejriwal, Whole Time Director and COO, Star Cement, shares how the company is leveraging waste heat recovery, alternative fuels, low-carbon products and clean energy innovations to balance operational efficiency with long-term sustainability.
How has your Lumshnong plant implemented the 24.8 MW Waste Heat Recovery System (WHRS), and what impact has it had on thermal substitution and energy costs?
Earlier, the cost of coal in the Northeast was quite reasonable, but over the past few years, global price increases have also impacted the region. We implemented the WHRS project about five years ago, and it has resulted in significant savings by reducing our overall power costs.
That is why we first installed WHRS in our older kilns, and now it has also been incorporated into our new projects. Going forward, WHRS will be essential for any cement plant. We are also working on utilising the waste gases exiting the WHRS, which are still at around 100 degrees Celsius. To harness this residual heat, we are exploring systems based on the Organic Rankine Cycle, which will allow us to extract additional power from the same process.
With the launch of Star Smart Building Solutions and AAC blocks, how are you positioning yourself in the low-carbon construction materials segment?
We are actively working on low-carbon cement products and are currently evaluating LC3 cement. The introduction of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks provided us with an effective entry into the consumer-facing segment of the industry. Since we already share a strong dealer network across products, this segment fits well into our overall strategy.
This move is clearly supporting our transition towards products with lower carbon intensity and aligns with our broader sustainability roadmap.
With a diverse product portfolio, what are the key USPs that enable you to support India’s ongoing infrastructure projects across sectors?
Cement requirements vary depending on application. There is OPC, PPC and PSC cement, and each serves different infrastructure needs. We manufacture blended cements as well, which allows us to supply products according to specific project requirements.
For instance, hydroelectric projects, including those with NHPC, have their own technical norms, which we are able to meet. From individual home builders to road infrastructure, dam projects, and regions with heavy monsoon exposure, where weather-shield cement is required, we are equipped to serve all segments. Our ability to tailor cement solutions across diverse climatic and infrastructure conditions is a key strength.
How are you managing biomass usage, circularity, and waste reduction across
your operations?
The Northeast has been fortunate in terms of biomass availability, particularly bamboo. Earlier, much of this bamboo was supplied to paper plants, but many of those facilities have since shut down. As a result, large quantities of bamboo biomass are now available, which we utilise in our thermal power plants, achieving a Thermal Substitution Rate (TSR) of nearly 60 per cent.
We have also started using bamboo as a fuel in our cement kilns, where the TSR is currently around 10 per cent to 12 per cent and is expected to increase further. From a circularity perspective, we extensively use fly ash, which allows us to reuse a major industrial waste product. Additionally, waste generated from HDPE bags is now being processed through our alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) systems. These initiatives collectively support our circular economy objectives.
As Star Cement expands, what are the key logistical and raw material challenges you face in scaling operations?
Fly ash availability in the Northeast is a constraint, as there are no major thermal power plants in the region. We currently source fly ash from Bihar and West Bengal, which adds significant logistics costs. However, supportive railway policies have helped us manage this challenge effectively.
Beyond the Northeast, we are also expanding into other regions, including the western region, to cater to northern markets. We have secured limestone mines through auctions and are now in the process of identifying and securing other critical raw material resources to support this expansion.
With increasing carbon regulations alongside capacity expansion, how do you balance compliance while sustaining growth?
Compliance and growth go hand in hand for us. On the product side, we are working on LC3 cement and other low-carbon formulations. Within our existing product portfolio, we are optimising operations by increasing the use of green fuels and improving energy efficiency to reduce our carbon footprint.
We are also optimising thermal energy consumption and reducing electrical power usage. Notably, we are the first cement company in the Northeast to deploy EV tippers at scale for limestone transportation from mines to plants. Additionally, we have installed belt conveyors for limestone transfer, which further reduces emissions. All these initiatives together help us achieve regulatory compliance while supporting expansion.
Looking ahead to 2030 and 2050, what are the key innovation and sustainability priorities for Star Cement?
Across the cement industry, carbon capture is emerging as a major focus area, and we are also planning to work actively in this space. In parallel, we see strong potential in green hydrogen and are investing in solar power plants to support this transition.
With the rapid adoption of solar energy, power costs have reduced dramatically – from 10–12 per unit to around2.5 per unit. This reduction will enable the production of green hydrogen at scale. Once available, green hydrogen can be used for electricity generation, to power EV fleets, and even as a fuel in cement kilns.
Burning green hydrogen produces only water and oxygen, eliminating carbon emissions from that part of the process. While process-related CO2 emissions from limestone calcination remain a challenge, carbon capture technologies will help address this. Ultimately, while becoming a carbon-negative industry is challenging, it is a goal we must continue to work towards.
Concrete
Turning Downtime into Actionable Intelligence
Published
17 hours agoon
February 19, 2026By
admin
Stoppage Insights instantly identifies root causes and maps their full operational impact.
In cement, mining and minerals processing operations, every unplanned stoppage equals lost production and reduced profitability. Yet identifying what caused a stoppage remains frustratingly complex. A single motor failure can trigger cascading interlocks and alarm floods, burying the root cause under layers of secondary events. Operators and maintenance teams waste valuable time tracing event chains when they should be solving problems. Until now.
Our latest innovation to our ECS Process Control Solution(1) eliminates this complexity. Stoppage Insights, available with the combined updates to our ECS/ControlCenter™ (ECS) software and ACESYS programming library, transforms stoppage events into clear, actionable intelligence. The system automatically identifies the root cause of every stoppage – whether triggered by alarms, interlocks, or operator actions – and maps all affected equipment. Operators can click any stopped motor’s faceplate to view what caused the shutdown instantly. The Stoppage UI provides a complete record of all stoppages with drill-down capabilities, replacing manual investigation with immediate answers.
Understanding root cause in Stoppage Insights
In Stoppage Insights, ‘root cause’ refers to the first alarm, interlock, or operator action detected by the control system. While this may not reveal the underlying mechanical, electrical or process failure that a maintenance team may later discover, it provides an actionable starting point for rapid troubleshooting and response. And this is where Stoppage Insights steps ahead of traditional first-out alarm systems (ISA 18.2). In this older type of system, the first alarm is identified in a group. This is useful, but limited, as it doesn’t show the complete cascade of events, distinguish between operator-initiated and alarm-triggered stoppages, or map downstream impacts. In contrast, Stoppage Insights provides complete transparency:
- Comprehensive capture: Records both regular operator stops and alarm-triggered shutdowns.
- Complete impact visibility: Maps all affected equipment automatically.
- Contextual clarity: Eliminates manual tracing through alarm floods, saving critical response time.
David Campain, Global Product Manager for Process Control Systems, says, “Stoppage Insights takes fault analysis to the next level. Operators and maintenance engineers no longer need to trace complex event chains. They see the root cause clearly and can respond quickly.”
Driving results
1.Driving results for operations teams
Stoppage Insights maximises clarity to minimise downtime, enabling operators to:
• Rapidly identify root causes to shorten recovery time.
• View initiating events and all affected units in one intuitive interface.
• Access complete records of both planned and unplanned stoppages
- Driving results for maintenance and reliability teams
Stoppage Insights helps prioritise work based on evidence, not guesswork:
• Access structured stoppage data for reliability programmes.
• Replace manual logging with automated, exportable records for CMMS, ERP or MES.(2)
• Identify recurring issues and target preventive maintenance effectively.
A future-proof and cybersecure foundation
Our Stoppage Insights feature is built on the latest (version 9) update to our ACESYS advanced programming library. This industry-leading solution lies at the heart of the ECS process control system. Its structured approach enables fast engineering and consistent control logic across hardware platforms from Siemens, Schneider, Rockwell, and others.
In addition to powering Stoppage Insights, ACESYS v9 positions the ECS system for open, interoperable architectures and future-proof automation. The same structured data used by Stoppage Insights supports AI-driven process control, providing the foundation for machine learning models and advanced analytics.
The latest releases also respond to the growing risk of cyberattacks on industrial operational technology (OT) infrastructure, delivering robust cybersecurity. The latest ECS software update (version 9.2) is certified to IEC 62443-4-1 international cybersecurity standards, protecting your process operations and reducing system vulnerability.
What’s available now and what’s coming next?
The ECS/ControlCenter 9.2 and ACESYS 9 updates, featuring Stoppage Insights, are available now for:
- Greenfield projects.
- ECS system upgrades.
- Brownfield replacement of competitor systems.
Stoppage Insights will also soon integrate with our ECS/UptimeGo downtime analysis software. Stoppage records, including root cause identification and affected equipment, will flow seamlessly into UptimeGo for advanced analytics, trending and long-term reliability reporting. This integration creates a complete ecosystem for managing and improving plant uptime.
(1) The ECS Process Control Solution for cement, mining and minerals processing combines proven control strategies with modern automation architecture to optimise plant performance, reduce downtime and support operational excellence.
(2) CMMS refers to computerised maintenance management systems; ERP, to enterprise resource planning; and MES to manufacturing execution systems.
Our strategy is to establish reliable local partnerships
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Our strategy is to establish reliable local partnerships
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Compliance and growth go hand in h and
Turning Downtime into Actionable Intelligence


