Economy & Market
Circular economy – the Promise of Green Transition
Published
3 years agoon
By
admin
Anders Josefsen, Senior Vice President and Head of Projects and Upgrades, FLSmidth, discusses the evolving role of cement plants in society – from producing a key ingredient in building critical infrastructure to enabling a circular economy.
The role of cement is evolving. The industry has always been a pillar in the communities in which it operates – as an employer and as the producer of one of the world’s most widely-used products. But it has not always been the most popular of neighbours. It has had to work hard to win the trust of locals, to ensure that the benefits of its presence outweigh the disadvantages – and that those disadvantages are reduced year by year. Today, the fact remains that the industry continues to be one of the world’s largest emitters of CO2, and initiatives to decarbonise need to go beyond traditional energy savings and optimisation.
No stone is left unturned in the quest to minimise the environmental impacts from cement production, and one area in which the industry is making progress is as a valuable outlet for waste. Because of the high temperatures required to produce clinker, cement’s key ingredient, as well as the stringent regulations controlling emissions, the cement plant is well suited to co-process municipal and industrial waste, which cannot otherwise be recycled, thereby displacing traditional fossil fuels – mostly coal. In fact, we see more and more cases of producers, encouraged by local authorities, playing a beneficial role in disposing of waste that would otherwise prove problematic – including hazardous medical waste, and even solvents.
Not waste incineration, but co-processing
In waste-to-energy plants where waste is incinerated to produce electricity, there is a by-product: residues that need dealing with. In a cement plant, waste is burned in the kiln or calciner, producing the heat needed for calcination, and the remaining residues become part of the end-product. This – together with the advanced air pollution control technology and the fact that you do not need to invest in new incineration plants – is why waste-derived fuels work well in the cement industry.
In Europe, co-processing of alternative fuels such as biomass, meat and bone meal and household waste, is common practice, representing nearly 50 per cent of the fuel used in cement production. It is made easier by the availability of the required infrastructure to sort, manage and optimise waste streams, backed by sophisticated EU waste legislation. However, in regions where waste management infrastructure is not well developed, the cement industry can play an important role by helping to build waste-to-energy partnerships and address the mounting waste challenge.
This has been demonstrated recently in countries like Indonesia, where INDOCEMENT is investing in technology to co-process alternative fuels that would otherwise be landfilled. Similarly, in Vietnam, a partnership has sprung up between waste handling start-up TONTOTON and FLSmidth to help Vietnamese cement producers utilise non-recyclable plastic waste in their process. Equipment like our HOTDISC® Combustion Device enables such waste to be burned without pre-processing, significantly broadening the horizons on what can be fired in a kiln or calciner, and reducing the costs involved.
Reduce, reuse, recycle
It is true that co-processing of waste is not a magic bullet. Depending on the composition of the waste, it emits CO2 when used as a fuel. However, it does provide a useful path for non-recyclable waste that would otherwise be landfilled, littered, or burnt in the open air, as happens in many countries, causing a litany of environmental and health hazards for local communities.
The sheer quantities and varieties of non-recyclable waste are astounding – by-products from agriculture, mining, power generation, and even from construction. According to the United Nations, greenhouse gas emissions from plastics are projected to increase to approximately 6.5 gigatonnes in 2050. That represents 15 per cent of the whole global carbon budget.1
With 23 per cent of the world’s waste generation, the East Asia and Pacific region leads the statistics, reports the World Bank in their ‘What a waste 2.0’ report. The Middle East and North Africa region is producing the least in absolute terms, at six per cent. But, especially for low-income countries, materials that could be recycled account for only 16 per cent of the waste stream.2
Solid waste management is also a financial burden to municipalities in low-income countries, which are estimated to spend about 20 per cent of their budgets on waste management, on average. Yet over 90 per cent of waste in low-income countries is still openly dumped or burned.3
Closing the loop in concrete
Construction and demolition waste is one of the largest sources of waste by volume. At an annual growth rate of four per cent, it is projected to be a $143 billion business by 2028. In this lies an opportunity to close a loop. Why make more of something when you can reuse what you already have? Scientists and companies in the cement value chain, including FLSmidth, are exploring ways to break concrete down into its core components, including a fine cement paste concentrate suitable for making eco-friendly cementitious binders. This would help reduce the clinker factor – the amount of clinker that needs to be produced to meet cement demand – as well as provide a new pathway for old concrete. An economical and environmental approach to manufacturing.
According to the International Energy Association, the integration of emerging technologies such as lowering the clinker-factor in cement and carbon capture, will provide some of the largest cumulative CO2 reductions in the 2-degree Celsius Scenario (2DS).
Today, an office building has an expected lifespan of 20 years, and a residential building a lifespan of 30-50 years. That is extremely short and underlines the need for upcycling. If the industry is to support accelerating urbanisation, the winners of the construction industry will be the ones who see opportunities in waste that can be used again and again. And they will be the ones getting the building-licences from government authorities.
From trash to treasure…
Mine tailings are also an area of interest. This waste product – the leftovers after the most valuable minerals are extracted during the mining process – is a significant environmental and economic burden to mine operators, and a safety risk to them and their local communities. Great pools of these tailings are left wherever mines are or have been in operation – adding up to some 282 billion tonnes worldwide that could contaminate local soils and groundwater. However, as the old adage goes, ‘one man’s trash is another man’s treasure’, and mine tailings could prove to be a valuable opportunity for cement producers.
Research suggests that tailings may hold some of the same properties as traditional supplementary cementitious materials (SCM). This would not only make a significant impact on waste in our communities, but would also save the extraction of the raw materials usually used in cement production.
The cement industry has provided a similar pathway for waste from coal-fired power generation. Fly ash has been used as an SCM for decades. Even now, as coal-fired power plants are phased out, there is the opportunity to harvest stored fly ash – that was previously landfilled – to both relieve the environmental burden and reap the benefits of a lower clinker factor and improved cement strength.
…and from pollutants to new building materials
Carbon capture is essential to achieving a sustainable global cement industry. The development of new solutions is progressing rapidly. Some are ready for deployment now; others require additional research and development. However, one solution that is already on shelves today is Carbon8 Systems’ Accelerated Carbonation Technology (ACT), which FLSmidth offers to the cement industry. The containerised system – the CO2ntainer – captures CO2 direct from process gases and combines it with cement bypass dust to form a lightweight aggregate. The solution contributes to the decarbonisation of a plant while valorising the residues produced and saving the associated landfill costs. It is a circular decarbonisation solution.
The cement industry has a lot to offer to society, both now and well into the future. This push to decarbonise combined with increasing opportunities to contribute to circularity in society is an exciting journey that will fundamentally change the way the industry will operate and be perceived. Ensuring all these opportunities are pursued will require a number of regulatory changes and financial incentives. A worthwhile investment in light of clear benefits to society.
1 https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1103692
2 https://datatopics.worldbank.org/what-a-waste/
3https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/30317
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Digital process control is transforming grinding
Published
2 weeks agoon
February 20, 2026By
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Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, delves into how digital intelligence is transforming cement grinding into a predictive, stable, and energy-efficient operation.
Grinding sits at the heart of cement manufacturing, accounting for the largest share of electrical energy consumption. In this interview, Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, explains how advanced grinding technologies, data-driven optimisation and process intelligence are transforming mill performance, reducing power consumption and supporting the industry’s decarbonisation goals.
How has the grinding process evolved in Indian cement plants to meet rising efficiency and sustainability expectations?
Over the past decade, Indian cement plants have seen a clear evolution in grinding technology, moving from conventional open-circuit ball mills to high-efficiency closed-circuit systems, Roller Press–Ball Mill combinations and Vertical Roller Mills (VRMs). This shift has been supported by advances in separator design, improved wear-resistant materials, and the growing use of digital process automation. As a result, grinding units today operate as highly controlled manufacturing systems where real-time data, process intelligence and efficient separation work together to deliver stable and predictable performance.
From a sustainability perspective, these developments directly reduce specific power consumption, improve equipment reliability and lower the carbon footprint per tonne of cement produced.
How critical is grinding optimisation in reducing specific power consumption across ball mills and VRMs?
Grinding is the largest consumer of electrical energy in a cement plant, which makes optimisation one of the most effective levers for improving energy efficiency. In ball mill systems, optimisation through correct media selection, charge design, diaphragm configuration, ventilation management and separator tuning can typically deliver power savings of 5 per cent to 8 per cent. In VRMs, fine-tuning airflow balance, grinding pressure, nozzle ring settings, and circulating load can unlock energy reductions in the range of 8 per cent to 12 per cent. Across both systems, sustained operation under stable conditions is critical. Consistency in mill loading and operating parameters improves quality control, reduces wear, and enables long-term energy efficiency, making stability a key operational KPI.
What challenges arise in maintaining consistent cement quality when using alternative raw materials and blended compositions?
The increased use of alternative raw materials and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) introduces variability in chemistry, moisture, hardness, and loss on ignition. This variability makes it more challenging to maintain consistent fineness, particle size distribution, throughput and downstream performance parameters such as setting time, strength development and workability.
As clinker substitution levels rise, grinding precision becomes increasingly important. Even small improvements in consistency enable higher SCM utilisation without compromising cement performance.
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How is digital process control changing the way grinding performance is optimised?
Digital process control is transforming grinding from an operator-dependent activity into a predictive, model-driven operation. Technologies such as online particle size and residue analysers, AI-based optimisation platforms, digital twins for VRMs and Roller Press systems, and advanced process control solutions are redefining how performance is managed.
At the same time, workforce roles are evolving. Operators are increasingly focused on interpreting data trends through digital dashboards and responding proactively rather than relying on manual interventions. Together, these tools improve mill stability, enable faster response to disturbances, maintain consistent fineness, and reduce specific energy consumption while minimising manual effort.
How do you see grinding technologies supporting the industry’s low-clinker and decarbonisation goals?
Modern grinding technologies are central to the industry’s decarbonisation efforts. They enable higher incorporation of SCMs such as fly ash, slag, and limestone, improve particle fineness and reactivity, and reduce overall power consumption. Efficient grinding makes it possible to maintain consistent cement quality at lower clinker factors. Every improvement in energy intensity and particle engineering directly contributes to lower CO2 emissions.
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How much potential does grinding optimisation hold for immediate energy
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Concrete
Refractory demands in our kiln have changed
Published
2 weeks agoon
February 20, 2026By
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Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, points out why performance, predictability and life-cycle value now matter more than routine replacement in cement kilns.
As Indian cement plants push for higher throughput, increased alternative fuel usage and tighter shutdown cycles, refractory performance in kilns and pyro-processing systems is under growing pressure. In this interview, Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, shares how refractory demands have evolved on the ground and how smarter digital monitoring is improving kiln stability, uptime and clinker quality.
How have refractory demands changed in your kiln and pyro-processing line over the last five years?
Over the last five years, refractory demands in our kiln and pyro line have changed. Earlier, the focus was mostly on standard grades and routine shutdown-based replacement. But now, because of higher production loads, more alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) usage and greater temperature variation, the expectation from refractory has increased.
In our own case, the current kiln refractory has already completed around 1.5 years, which itself shows how much more we now rely on materials that can handle thermal shock, alkali attack and coating fluctuations. We have moved towards more stable, high-performance linings so that we don’t have to enter the kiln frequently for repairs.
Overall, the shift has been from just ‘installation and run’ to selecting refractories that give longer life, better coating behaviour and more predictable performance under tougher operating conditions.
What are the biggest refractory challenges in the preheater, calciner and cooler zones?
• Preheater: Coating instability, chloride/sulphur cycles and brick erosion.
• Calciner: AFR firing, thermal shock and alkali infiltration.
• Cooler: Severe abrasion, red-river formation and mechanical stress on linings.
Overall, the biggest challenge is maintaining lining stability under highly variable operating conditions.
How do you evaluate and select refractory partners for long-term performance?
In real plant conditions, we don’t select a refractory partner just by looking at price. First, we see their past performance in similar kilns and whether their material has actually survived our operating conditions. We also check how strong their technical support is during shutdowns, because installation quality matters as much as the material itself.
Another key point is how quickly they respond during breakdowns or hot spots. A good partner should be available on short notice. We also look at their failure analysis capability, whether they can explain why a lining failed and suggest improvements.
On top of this, we review the life they delivered in the last few campaigns, their supply reliability and their willingness to offer plant-specific custom solutions instead of generic grades. Only a partner who supports us throughout the life cycle, which includes selection, installation, monitoring and post-failure analysis, fits our long-term requirement.
Can you share a recent example where better refractory selection improved uptime or clinker quality?
Recently, we upgraded to a high-abrasion basic brick at the kiln outlet. Earlier we had frequent chipping and coating loss. With the new lining, thermal stability improved and the coating became much more stable. As a result, our shutdown interval increased and clinker quality remained more consistent. It had a direct impact on our uptime.
How is increased AFR use affecting refractory behaviour?
Increased AFR use is definitely putting more stress on the refractory. The biggest issue we see daily is the rise in chlorine, alkalis and volatiles, which directly attack the lining, especially in the calciner and kiln inlet. AFR firing is also not as stable as conventional fuel, so we face frequent temperature fluctuations, which cause more thermal shock and small cracks in the lining.
Another real problem is coating instability. Some days the coating builds too fast, other days it suddenly drops, and both conditions impact refractory life. We also notice more dust circulation and buildup inside the calciner whenever the AFR mix changes, which again increases erosion.
Because of these practical issues, we have started relying more on alkali-resistant, low-porosity and better thermal shock–resistant materials to handle the additional stress coming from AFR.
What role does digital monitoring or thermal profiling play in your refractory strategy?
Digital tools like kiln shell scanners, IR imaging and thermal profiling help us detect weakening areas much earlier. This reduces unplanned shutdowns, helps identify hotspots accurately and allows us to replace only the critical sections. Overall, our maintenance has shifted from reactive to predictive, improving lining life significantly.
How do you balance cost, durability and installation speed during refractory shutdowns?
We focus on three points:
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• Installation speed, in fast turnarounds, we prefer monolithic.
• Life-cycle cost—the cheapest material is not the most economical. We look at durability, future downtime and total cost of ownership.
This balance ensures reliable performance without unnecessary expenditure.
What refractory or pyro-processing innovations could transform Indian cement operations?
Some promising developments include:
• High-performance, low-porosity and nano-bonded refractories
• Precast modular linings to drastically reduce shutdown time
• AI-driven kiln thermal analytics
• Advanced coating management solutions
• More AFR-compatible refractory mixes
These innovations can significantly improve kiln stability, efficiency and maintenance planning across the industry.
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