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Precast tech has a lot of potential in India

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– Rajesh S Pandit, Head – QMD (Urban Infrastructure), TATA Projects

What are the basic grounds on which one should prefer precast technology for the infra projects and specifically projects like Mumbai metro?
Precast structures/elements are cast off-site under factory conditions in a large area with all relevant infrastructure in place. The facility is generally called as casting yard. These precast elements are typical in size and are produced continuously like factory production in specific sets of moulds. Many times, being in congested public place, space availability to perform construction activities is very less. Therefore, projects like metro, prefer precast elements, which can be cast at place away from site. It can be brought in at right time/stage and place in position during night times when there is minimum interference to construction or movement of heavy equipment.

Volume and repetition are the key parameters in choosing precast option as these determines the benefit of precast over in-situ if any. For the projects, TATA Projects is executing elevated metro, we are casting girders/segments of girders at casting yard. For underground metro, tunnel ring segments are cast as precast elements in casting yard.

Being produced in controlled conditions and with minimal manual interventions (unlike cast in-situ), it turns out to be of a flawless and superior quality concrete structure with utmost safety. It also creates a scope for speed augmentation as these elements can be produced independent of site activities/constraints and runs as a parallel activity.

Please brief us on where precast technology is used and where cast in situ is used in the present Metro jobs?
Metro projects can be broadly classified into two categories – elevated (above around) and underground. In elevated metro projects, TATA Projects is designing and casting superstructure (above Pier) elements like pier cap, girders or girder segments as precast elements. In case of underground metro, TATA Projects produces tunnel lining ring segments as precast element.

In terms of cost and speed if one uses conventional method of construction over precast, what will be the shortcomings? What are the advantages of using precast?
Precast technology enables to produce parts of structure offsite independently. These activities run simultaneously and does not have to follow sequential progress at site. The structures or elements of the structure can be shifted to site at right time and just to be mounted/erected at required place. As mentioned in previous sections, these elements are cast in factory precision conditions with almost all activities are performed mechanically with minimal human interventions. The safety and quality standards achieved are very high as compared in-situ works. The area for casting yard is big enough to accommodate/stack large number of such elements ahead of time. The process of casting, stacking and despatch of these element is meticulously planned and expedited as well.

Do you use any software package for QC? Are quality audits carried out at what frequency? What is the software used for managing the project?
At TATA Projects, we use in-house developed IT platform for monitoring quality functions for documentation, analysis and MIS purpose. An interactive dashboard and analysis of data serves as an input for decision making for improvement. Quality audits are integral part of quality management process implemented at site. Generally, building projects undergo audits once in six months and metro projects undergo quality audits every three months.

In short what tests are conducted on piles before taking up the job of placing pile cap? What has been overall feedback on pile testing?
Test pile undergoes initial load test. Once this test is completed and results are positive, routine tests are conducted at different frequency on working piles. Routine tests are:

Pile integrity test by sonic logging
Pile Integrity by low strain using ultrasonic pulse velocity
High strain pile dynamic test

Please provide us the details of concrete used in precast and in situ. Grade and minimum cement content? How do you ensure QC parameters?
The concrete grades vary for each structure. If you consider a typical elevated metro project, in-situ structures are pile, pile cap and piers. Pier cap can be in-situ or precast. Girders or girder segments generally fall in precast category. A typical example of precast or cast in-situ structural element details are shared herewith. The minimum cement mentioned in referred table is picked up from contract technical specifications:

Raw material (cement, aggregate, Pozzolanic material and admixture) are carefully selected, which comply with applicable specifications. The concrete is designed in such a way that it not only comply with performance requirement as per technical specifications but also is extremely user-friendly.

It is produced from state-of-the-art fully automatic batching plant. It is regularly inspected and calibrated to ensure it is performing accurately. A well defined quality inspection and test plan is implemented to cover different tests on raw material before it’s use, tests on concrete during and just after production.

A team of an experienced quality control engineer and skilled technicians is deployed round a clock to monitor quality control process. A full-fledged quality control laboratory is established (near batching plant) and is equipped with calibrated equipment, which caters to all testing and monitoring needs.

Statistical analysis tools are adopted to continuously monitor performance Indices of concrete and necessary course corrections are made to keep it optimum. It also helps to predict trend and take proactive actions to avoid surprises.

How about the placement of seismic arrestors in the structure? Seismic arrestors are installed above pier cap and there is a groove where the shear key fits in our elevated metro projects currently in execution phase in Mumbai. How many shapes of Girders used in the super structure?
Generally, in metro projects (elevated), "U" shape, "C" Shape and "I" shape of girders are prevalent. Whereas, infrastructure projects (major bridges) are also designed with trapezoidal box (hollow from inside) girders (or segments) commonly.

It is learnt that for using precast technology of construction, one needs trained and highly skilled man power. What is the situation in our country with specific reference to your project?
The use of precast technology is evolving in India and is predicted as future of construction tomorrow by industry pundits. Factors like ever increasing paucity for skilled manpower, need for speed, quality and safety, etc. necessitated mechanisation of construction activities as much as possible.

The employment of skilled people who can handle formwork, casting with required quality/safety, transport of precast elements and safe heavy lifting operations at site for placement are very critical to successful management of precast construction. However, still Indian industry has a long way to go. We, in TATA projects, invest considerably in resources to induct/train continuously our skilled workers, front line supervisors and engineers in different activities before commencement of the critical activity for ensuring "first time right" and "Zero Rework" approach. Specialised vendors and industry experts are also roped in to train our workers for specific activities. The company has also rolled out technical handbooks covering almost all aspects of construction and home grown good practices in all streams (civil/mechanical/ electrical, etc).

Good practices are also shared through daily "quality triggers" across the organisation. Quality parks are established and utilised for training the workforce with mock-ups, models and samples for easy understanding. Daily quality toolbox talks are organised by field quality engineers to the workforce before start of any activity at site.

Kindly brief our readers on the use of technology as it is practised at your projects. How does it compare with that being used in other parts of world?
Automation in cutting and bending steel, usage of system form work, 3D and 4D, BIM, drone monitoring, HeliCranes in transmission and distribution projects, tunnel boring machines in tunnels for underground metro.

Can 3D printing technology become applicable to precast technology? Is it used in any part of the world?
Generally speaking, 3D printing is an in-situ casting without any mould/formwork with a machine whereas precast technology produces concrete elements by pouring concrete in a mould in a factory environment. Both may be complimentary for a total solution.

What do you think is the future of pre cast technology in India?
India is also going through rapid urbanisation and this has created a huge demand for adequate infrastructure and affordable housing segment which cannot be met through conventional construction and hence modernisation of construction industry must take place. It is not the infrastructure segment but also the building segment is showing immense interest in Precast technology.

Big developers and contractors like Amrapali, Purvankara, Brigade and BG Shirke are constructing millions of square feet in a year by precast technology and a lot of others are taking steps to implement precast technology. However, for the technology to truly take off, the Indian government has to provide favourable tax benefits to developers to implement modern technologies. There is definitely a lot of potential in India to become a major global market for precast technology. A few good examples will set the pace right and there won’t be any looking back then.

In the US, AASHTO has developed standard beam design for various load and geometrical condition and standard concrete beams are available for various spans and load conditions for ready usage. Unfortunately, this is not the situation India because there are no standard size available in India codes – even for road over bridges crossing railway where a good amount of standardisation can be done. There are a few technical challenges like filling the gaps between panel joints, waterproofing, thermal expansion/contraction, etc. Structural joints in seismic zones are difficult to achieve.

Moulds for the precast segments of underground metro.

Stacking of finished segments in casting yard

Precast girder segments for infra project (bridge)

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Economy & Market

Smart Pumping for Rock Blasting

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SEEPEX introduces BN pumps with Smart Joint Access (SJA) to improve efficiency, reliability, and inspection speed in demanding rock blasting operations.
Designed for abrasive and chemical media, the solution supports precise dosing, reduced downtime, and enhanced operational safety.

SEEPEX has introduced BN pumps with Smart Joint Access (SJA), engineered for the reliable and precise transfer of abrasive, corrosive, and chemical media in mining and construction. Designed for rock blasting, the pump features a large inspection opening for quick joint checks, a compact footprint for mobile or skid-mounted installations, and flexible drive and material options for consistent performance and uptime.

“Operators can inspect joints quickly and rely on precise pumping of shear-sensitive and abrasive emulsions,” said Magalie Levray, Global Business Development Manager Mining at SEEPEX. “This is particularly critical in rock blasting, where every borehole counts for productivity.” Industry Context

Rock blasting is essential for extracting hard rock and shaping safe excavation profiles in mining and construction. Accurate and consistent loading of explosive emulsions ensures controlled fragmentation, protects personnel, and maximizes productivity. Even minor deviations in pumping can cause delays or reduce product quality. BN pumps with SJA support routine maintenance and pre-operation checks by allowing fast verification of joint integrity, enabling more efficient operations.

Always Inspection Ready

Smart Joint Access is designed for inspection-friendly operations. The large inspection opening in the suction housing provides direct access to both joints, enabling rapid pre-operation checks while maintaining high operational reliability. Technicians can assess joint condition quickly, supporting continuous, reliable operation.

Key Features

  • Compact Footprint: Fits truck-mounted mobile units, skid-mounted systems, and factory installations.
  • Flexible Drive Options: Compact hydraulic drive or electric drive configurations.
  • Hydraulic Efficiency: Low-displacement design reduces oil requirements and supports low total cost of ownership.
  • Equal Wall Stator Design: Ensures high-pressure performance in a compact footprint.
  • Material Flexibility: Stainless steel or steel housings, chrome-plated rotors, and stators in NBR, EPDM, or FKM.

Operators benefit from shorter inspection cycles, reliable dosing, seamless integration, and fast delivery through framework agreements, helping to maintain uptime in critical rock blasting processes.

Applications – Optimized for Rock Blasting

BN pumps with SJA are designed for mining, tunneling, quarrying, civil works, dam construction, and other sectors requiring precise handling of abrasive or chemical media. They provide robust performance while enabling fast, reliable inspection and maintenance.With SJA, operators can quickly access both joints without disassembly, ensuring emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently. This reduces downtime, preserves product integrity, and supports uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.

With the Smart Joint Access inspection opening, operators can quickly access and assess the condition of both joints without disassembly, enabling immediate verification of pump readiness prior to blast hole loading. This allows operators to confirm that emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently, protecting personnel, minimizing product degradation, and maintaining uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.

The combination of equal wall stator design, compact integration, flexible drives, and progressive cavity pump technology ensures continuous, reliable operation even in space-limited, high-pressure environments.

From Inspection to Operation

A leading explosives provider implemented BN pumps with SJA in open pit and underground operations. By replacing legacy pumps, inspection cycles were significantly shortened, allowing crews to complete pre-operation checks and return mobile units to productive work faster. Direct joint access through SJA enabled immediate verification, consistent emulsion dosing, and reduced downtime caused by joint-related deviations.

“The inspection opening gives immediate confidence that each joint is secure before proceeding to bore holes,” said a site technician. “It allows us to act quickly, keeping blasting schedules on track.”

Framework agreements ensured rapid pump supply and minimal downtime, supporting multi-site operations across continents

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Concrete

Digital process control is transforming grinding

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Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, delves into how digital intelligence is transforming cement grinding into a predictive, stable, and energy-efficient operation.

Grinding sits at the heart of cement manufacturing, accounting for the largest share of electrical energy consumption. In this interview, Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, explains how advanced grinding technologies, data-driven optimisation and process intelligence are transforming mill performance, reducing power consumption and supporting the industry’s decarbonisation goals.

How has the grinding process evolved in Indian cement plants to meet rising efficiency and sustainability expectations?
Over the past decade, Indian cement plants have seen a clear evolution in grinding technology, moving from conventional open-circuit ball mills to high-efficiency closed-circuit systems, Roller Press–Ball Mill combinations and Vertical Roller Mills (VRMs). This shift has been supported by advances in separator design, improved wear-resistant materials, and the growing use of digital process automation. As a result, grinding units today operate as highly controlled manufacturing systems where real-time data, process intelligence and efficient separation work together to deliver stable and predictable performance.
From a sustainability perspective, these developments directly reduce specific power consumption, improve equipment reliability and lower the carbon footprint per tonne of cement produced.

How critical is grinding optimisation in reducing specific power consumption across ball mills and VRMs?
Grinding is the largest consumer of electrical energy in a cement plant, which makes optimisation one of the most effective levers for improving energy efficiency. In ball mill systems, optimisation through correct media selection, charge design, diaphragm configuration, ventilation management and separator tuning can typically deliver power savings of 5 per cent to 8 per cent. In VRMs, fine-tuning airflow balance, grinding pressure, nozzle ring settings, and circulating load can unlock energy reductions in the range of 8 per cent to 12 per cent. Across both systems, sustained operation under stable conditions is critical. Consistency in mill loading and operating parameters improves quality control, reduces wear, and enables long-term energy efficiency, making stability a key operational KPI.

What challenges arise in maintaining consistent cement quality when using alternative raw materials and blended compositions?
The increased use of alternative raw materials and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) introduces variability in chemistry, moisture, hardness, and loss on ignition. This variability makes it more challenging to maintain consistent fineness, particle size distribution, throughput and downstream performance parameters such as setting time, strength development and workability.
As clinker substitution levels rise, grinding precision becomes increasingly important. Even small improvements in consistency enable higher SCM utilisation without compromising cement performance.
Addressing these challenges requires stronger feed homogenisation, real-time quality monitoring and dynamic adjustment of grinding parameters so that output quality remains stable despite changing input characteristics.

How is digital process control changing the way grinding performance is optimised?
Digital process control is transforming grinding from an operator-dependent activity into a predictive, model-driven operation. Technologies such as online particle size and residue analysers, AI-based optimisation platforms, digital twins for VRMs and Roller Press systems, and advanced process control solutions are redefining how performance is managed.
At the same time, workforce roles are evolving. Operators are increasingly focused on interpreting data trends through digital dashboards and responding proactively rather than relying on manual interventions. Together, these tools improve mill stability, enable faster response to disturbances, maintain consistent fineness, and reduce specific energy consumption while minimising manual effort.

How do you see grinding technologies supporting the industry’s low-clinker and decarbonisation goals?
Modern grinding technologies are central to the industry’s decarbonisation efforts. They enable higher incorporation of SCMs such as fly ash, slag, and limestone, improve particle fineness and reactivity, and reduce overall power consumption. Efficient grinding makes it possible to maintain consistent cement quality at lower clinker factors. Every improvement in energy intensity and particle engineering directly contributes to lower CO2 emissions.
As India moves toward low-carbon construction, precision grinding will remain a foundational capability for delivering sustainable, high-performance cement aligned with national and global climate objectives.

How much potential does grinding optimisation hold for immediate energy
and cost savings?
The potential for near-term savings is substantial. Without major capital investment, most plants can achieve 5 per cent to 15 per cent power reduction through measures such as improving separator efficiency, optimising ventilation, refining media grading, and fine-tuning operating parameters.
With continued capacity expansion across India, advanced optimisation tools will help ensure that productivity gains are not matched by proportional increases in energy demand. Given current power costs, this translates into direct and measurable financial benefits, making grinding optimisation one of the fastest-payback operational initiatives available to cement manufacturers today.

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Concrete

Refractory demands in our kiln have changed

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Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, points out why performance, predictability and life-cycle value now matter more than routine replacement in cement kilns.

As Indian cement plants push for higher throughput, increased alternative fuel usage and tighter shutdown cycles, refractory performance in kilns and pyro-processing systems is under growing pressure. In this interview, Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, shares how refractory demands have evolved on the ground and how smarter digital monitoring is improving kiln stability, uptime and clinker quality.

How have refractory demands changed in your kiln and pyro-processing line over the last five years?
Over the last five years, refractory demands in our kiln and pyro line have changed. Earlier, the focus was mostly on standard grades and routine shutdown-based replacement. But now, because of higher production loads, more alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) usage and greater temperature variation, the expectation from refractory has increased.
In our own case, the current kiln refractory has already completed around 1.5 years, which itself shows how much more we now rely on materials that can handle thermal shock, alkali attack and coating fluctuations. We have moved towards more stable, high-performance linings so that we don’t have to enter the kiln frequently for repairs.
Overall, the shift has been from just ‘installation and run’ to selecting refractories that give longer life, better coating behaviour and more predictable performance under tougher operating conditions.

What are the biggest refractory challenges in the preheater, calciner and cooler zones?
• Preheater: Coating instability, chloride/sulphur cycles and brick erosion.
• Calciner: AFR firing, thermal shock and alkali infiltration.
• Cooler: Severe abrasion, red-river formation and mechanical stress on linings.
Overall, the biggest challenge is maintaining lining stability under highly variable operating conditions.

How do you evaluate and select refractory partners for long-term performance?
In real plant conditions, we don’t select a refractory partner just by looking at price. First, we see their past performance in similar kilns and whether their material has actually survived our operating conditions. We also check how strong their technical support is during shutdowns, because installation quality matters as much as the material itself.
Another key point is how quickly they respond during breakdowns or hot spots. A good partner should be available on short notice. We also look at their failure analysis capability, whether they can explain why a lining failed and suggest improvements.
On top of this, we review the life they delivered in the last few campaigns, their supply reliability and their willingness to offer plant-specific custom solutions instead of generic grades. Only a partner who supports us throughout the life cycle, which includes selection, installation, monitoring and post-failure analysis, fits our long-term requirement.

Can you share a recent example where better refractory selection improved uptime or clinker quality?
Recently, we upgraded to a high-abrasion basic brick at the kiln outlet. Earlier we had frequent chipping and coating loss. With the new lining, thermal stability improved and the coating became much more stable. As a result, our shutdown interval increased and clinker quality remained more consistent. It had a direct impact on our uptime.

How is increased AFR use affecting refractory behaviour?
Increased AFR use is definitely putting more stress on the refractory. The biggest issue we see daily is the rise in chlorine, alkalis and volatiles, which directly attack the lining, especially in the calciner and kiln inlet. AFR firing is also not as stable as conventional fuel, so we face frequent temperature fluctuations, which cause more thermal shock and small cracks in the lining.
Another real problem is coating instability. Some days the coating builds too fast, other days it suddenly drops, and both conditions impact refractory life. We also notice more dust circulation and buildup inside the calciner whenever the AFR mix changes, which again increases erosion.
Because of these practical issues, we have started relying more on alkali-resistant, low-porosity and better thermal shock–resistant materials to handle the additional stress coming from AFR.

What role does digital monitoring or thermal profiling play in your refractory strategy?
Digital tools like kiln shell scanners, IR imaging and thermal profiling help us detect weakening areas much earlier. This reduces unplanned shutdowns, helps identify hotspots accurately and allows us to replace only the critical sections. Overall, our maintenance has shifted from reactive to predictive, improving lining life significantly.

How do you balance cost, durability and installation speed during refractory shutdowns?
We focus on three points:
• Material quality that suits our thermal profile and chemistry.
• Installation speed, in fast turnarounds, we prefer monolithic.
• Life-cycle cost—the cheapest material is not the most economical. We look at durability, future downtime and total cost of ownership.
This balance ensures reliable performance without unnecessary expenditure.

What refractory or pyro-processing innovations could transform Indian cement operations?
Some promising developments include:
• High-performance, low-porosity and nano-bonded refractories
• Precast modular linings to drastically reduce shutdown time
• AI-driven kiln thermal analytics
• Advanced coating management solutions
• More AFR-compatible refractory mixes

These innovations can significantly improve kiln stability, efficiency and maintenance planning across the industry.

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