Economy & Market
Coal import witnesses growth
Published
8 years agoon
By
admin
Coal imports grew by 8.1 per cent in FY18 on the back of sustained demand from steel sector for coking coal and steady demand from the power and cement industry.
Coal production in India touched 688.4 MT in FY18, clocking a 2.5 per cent increase over last year’s production. The two large state-run coal miners, Coal India Limited (CIL) and Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) together accounted for 91.6 per cent of the total coal produced in the country during FY18.
Coal imports grew by 8.1 per cent in FY18 on the back of sustained demand from steel sector for coking coal and steady demand from the power and cement industry. Total coal import in FY18 stood at 213 MT, against 195 MT in FY17. Australia, Indonesia and South Africa are the three largest exporters of coal to India and contribute to 75-80 per cent of the country’s total coal import.
Coal imports were widely anticipated to fall during FY18. The government has been pushing steam coal consumers especially power producers to replace imported coal with domestic coal. But inadequate coal transportation infrastructure especially availability of rakes has been hampering supply to power producers. Coal import trend is expected to continue as power, cement and steel industry are expected to witness improvement in demand and capacity utilisation.Global trend
China continues to be the largest coal producer globally and accounts for 45 per cent of the world coal production. The USA, India, Australia and Indonesia together account for 33 per cent of the world coal production. Global coal production stood at 7,270 MT. Globally, coal production has been declining and 2016 marked the largest single-year global production volume decline as per data available from International Energy Agency (IEA).
Developed economies namely USA, China and Europe continued to report fall in demand for coal and have reported growth in gas-based and renewable energy generation. India remains among the top-three coal producers in the world and as per data for 2016 by IEA, overtook USA. USA as mentioned above reported fall in production, whereas India has been reporting growth in production to fuel its large thermal power capacity which contributes to 72 per cent of the country’s electricity generation.
Australia accounts for 18-20 per cent of the world coking coal production. India, China and Japan are the largest importers of coking coal from Australia. China is the largest coking coal consumer and accounts for 60-62 per cent of the world consumption. India which is the second largest coking coal consumer accounts for 10-11 per cent of the world consumption.
Australia and Indonesia continued to be the largest coal exporting nations in the world and accounted for 57 per cent of the total coal export volume. The top-4 destinations of exported coal were China, India, Japan and South Korea and accounted for 58.5 per cent of the total global coal import volume.India: Performance of demand driving sectors for coal
The year witnessed sustained demand for steam coal from power sector. Other sectors like cement and steel which use thermal coal as feedstock and coking coal as raw material reported steady growth in production. Thermal power plants in the country reported capacity utilisation above 60 per cent after having touched 59 per cent levels in 2016-17.
The power sector reported shortage in supply of coal from state-run coal miner’s, which has been affecting the operational performance of thermal power plants. The shortage can be roughly equated to the shortfall in CILs coal production target, i.e., 33 MT. Inadequate rail-connectivity and rake availability have been some of the major hurdles which led to shortage of coal during the year at thermal power plants. State-run miner CIL has is expected to invest significantly into developing railway infrastructure over the next 12-18 months which is expected to improve the connectivity of pitheads.
In the absence of unavailability of cheap domestic coal, thermal power plants, in and around coastal regions and ports opt for imported coal.
Steel production has been growing steadily and reported 5.6 per cent growth in FY18. Cement production grew by 6.3 per cent in FY18. During the last 12-months, average global coal prices have been in the range of $ 70-106 with prices hitting the peak in January 2018 after having bottomed out at $72.5 per tonne in May 2017.
Global steam coal prices have been on a steady rise after having touched a low of $ 50 per tonne in May 2016, on the back low demand from China. Coal India, countries largest coal producer hiked coal prices by 10 per cent in January 2018. The average coal price depending upon the Gross Calorific Value (GCV) of coal ranged between Rs 530-3,290 per tonne.
Domestic coal shortage has been widely reported especially for thermal power plants. The state-run miners (CIL and SCCL) on their part have been trying to address the issue of coal shortage at power plants. During the year, 580.3 MT of coal has been made available to the consumers, 7 per cent increase over previous year. CIL has introduced new pricing methodology based on energy content of coal starting April 1, 2018. The same would not have a significant impact on the prices of domestic coal. The price of each tonne of coal will be based on its total energy content.Coal import
Coal accounted for 4.9 per cent of total imported goods by value (approximately $22 billion) and is the fourth most imported commodity behind petroleum, precious stones and gold.Steam/thermal coal import
India imported around 155-158 MT of steam or steam coal used as fuel for thermal power plants. Roughly 80-85 GW of thermal power capacity in India is partially or fully dependent on imported coal to fuel these power plants. Additional 6-7 MT of other types of bituminous and coke was imported for other industries. Indonesia (81.5 MT), South Africa (33.5 MT), USA (6 MT), Mozambique (3.1 MT) and Australia (1.7MT) are the largest exporters of Steam coal to India between April-Feb 2018.Coking/metallurgical coal
Coking coal, also known as metallurgical coal, is used to create coke, one of the key inputs for the production of steel. China, India, South Korea, Japan and European Nations are major global demand centres of coking coal for manufacturing steel.
India imported roughly 46.5 MT (estimates) of coking coal in FY18, 8.1 per cent growth over import volumes in FY17. India also has coking coal reserves but the quality of domestic coking coal is inferior to imported coking coal. Imported coking coal fulfils 65-70 per cent of the total coking coal demand from steel industry.
Around 3/4th of India’s coking coal imports come from Australia, and the remaining from Canada, USA, Russia, Indonesia etc.Performance of CIL and SCCL
Coal India and Singareni Collieries Company are the two largest coal miners in the country. The two companies together produced 629.4 MT of coal which includes both steam and coking coal. India’s largest coal producer CIL has been unable to meet its annual target set by Government. CIL meeting its coal mining target would easily help cut coal imports by up to 10-15 per cent depending upon the quality of coal produced.CARE Ratings view
Total coal production may stagnate during the year given no visible improvement in availability of rakes or increase in evacuation infrastructure for mined coal. We expect the total domestic coal production to grow in the range of 2.5-3.5 per cent (705-712) MT for FY19. There is an immediate requirement to auction private coal blocks of coking and steam coal for 50 MT per annum, in order to control import of steam and coking coal. Total import of coal including coking coal and steam coal could touch 235-245 MT if the government approves an order to ban use of pet coke which is a feedstock in cement industry. Additional 35-40 MT of imported steam coal would be required to compensate for the pet
coke ban.Source: CARE Ratings
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Rock blasting is essential for extracting hard rock and shaping safe excavation profiles in mining and construction. Accurate and consistent loading of explosive emulsions ensures controlled fragmentation, protects personnel, and maximizes productivity. Even minor deviations in pumping can cause delays or reduce product quality. BN pumps with SJA support routine maintenance and pre-operation checks by allowing fast verification of joint integrity, enabling more efficient operations.
Always Inspection Ready
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BN pumps with SJA are designed for mining, tunneling, quarrying, civil works, dam construction, and other sectors requiring precise handling of abrasive or chemical media. They provide robust performance while enabling fast, reliable inspection and maintenance.With SJA, operators can quickly access both joints without disassembly, ensuring emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently. This reduces downtime, preserves product integrity, and supports uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.
With the Smart Joint Access inspection opening, operators can quickly access and assess the condition of both joints without disassembly, enabling immediate verification of pump readiness prior to blast hole loading. This allows operators to confirm that emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently, protecting personnel, minimizing product degradation, and maintaining uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.
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Digital process control is transforming grinding
Published
3 weeks agoon
February 20, 2026By
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Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, delves into how digital intelligence is transforming cement grinding into a predictive, stable, and energy-efficient operation.
Grinding sits at the heart of cement manufacturing, accounting for the largest share of electrical energy consumption. In this interview, Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, explains how advanced grinding technologies, data-driven optimisation and process intelligence are transforming mill performance, reducing power consumption and supporting the industry’s decarbonisation goals.
How has the grinding process evolved in Indian cement plants to meet rising efficiency and sustainability expectations?
Over the past decade, Indian cement plants have seen a clear evolution in grinding technology, moving from conventional open-circuit ball mills to high-efficiency closed-circuit systems, Roller Press–Ball Mill combinations and Vertical Roller Mills (VRMs). This shift has been supported by advances in separator design, improved wear-resistant materials, and the growing use of digital process automation. As a result, grinding units today operate as highly controlled manufacturing systems where real-time data, process intelligence and efficient separation work together to deliver stable and predictable performance.
From a sustainability perspective, these developments directly reduce specific power consumption, improve equipment reliability and lower the carbon footprint per tonne of cement produced.
How critical is grinding optimisation in reducing specific power consumption across ball mills and VRMs?
Grinding is the largest consumer of electrical energy in a cement plant, which makes optimisation one of the most effective levers for improving energy efficiency. In ball mill systems, optimisation through correct media selection, charge design, diaphragm configuration, ventilation management and separator tuning can typically deliver power savings of 5 per cent to 8 per cent. In VRMs, fine-tuning airflow balance, grinding pressure, nozzle ring settings, and circulating load can unlock energy reductions in the range of 8 per cent to 12 per cent. Across both systems, sustained operation under stable conditions is critical. Consistency in mill loading and operating parameters improves quality control, reduces wear, and enables long-term energy efficiency, making stability a key operational KPI.
What challenges arise in maintaining consistent cement quality when using alternative raw materials and blended compositions?
The increased use of alternative raw materials and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) introduces variability in chemistry, moisture, hardness, and loss on ignition. This variability makes it more challenging to maintain consistent fineness, particle size distribution, throughput and downstream performance parameters such as setting time, strength development and workability.
As clinker substitution levels rise, grinding precision becomes increasingly important. Even small improvements in consistency enable higher SCM utilisation without compromising cement performance.
Addressing these challenges requires stronger feed homogenisation, real-time quality monitoring and dynamic adjustment of grinding parameters so that output quality remains stable despite changing input characteristics.
How is digital process control changing the way grinding performance is optimised?
Digital process control is transforming grinding from an operator-dependent activity into a predictive, model-driven operation. Technologies such as online particle size and residue analysers, AI-based optimisation platforms, digital twins for VRMs and Roller Press systems, and advanced process control solutions are redefining how performance is managed.
At the same time, workforce roles are evolving. Operators are increasingly focused on interpreting data trends through digital dashboards and responding proactively rather than relying on manual interventions. Together, these tools improve mill stability, enable faster response to disturbances, maintain consistent fineness, and reduce specific energy consumption while minimising manual effort.
How do you see grinding technologies supporting the industry’s low-clinker and decarbonisation goals?
Modern grinding technologies are central to the industry’s decarbonisation efforts. They enable higher incorporation of SCMs such as fly ash, slag, and limestone, improve particle fineness and reactivity, and reduce overall power consumption. Efficient grinding makes it possible to maintain consistent cement quality at lower clinker factors. Every improvement in energy intensity and particle engineering directly contributes to lower CO2 emissions.
As India moves toward low-carbon construction, precision grinding will remain a foundational capability for delivering sustainable, high-performance cement aligned with national and global climate objectives.
How much potential does grinding optimisation hold for immediate energy
and cost savings?
The potential for near-term savings is substantial. Without major capital investment, most plants can achieve 5 per cent to 15 per cent power reduction through measures such as improving separator efficiency, optimising ventilation, refining media grading, and fine-tuning operating parameters.
With continued capacity expansion across India, advanced optimisation tools will help ensure that productivity gains are not matched by proportional increases in energy demand. Given current power costs, this translates into direct and measurable financial benefits, making grinding optimisation one of the fastest-payback operational initiatives available to cement manufacturers today.
Concrete
Refractory demands in our kiln have changed
Published
3 weeks agoon
February 20, 2026By
admin
Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, points out why performance, predictability and life-cycle value now matter more than routine replacement in cement kilns.
As Indian cement plants push for higher throughput, increased alternative fuel usage and tighter shutdown cycles, refractory performance in kilns and pyro-processing systems is under growing pressure. In this interview, Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, shares how refractory demands have evolved on the ground and how smarter digital monitoring is improving kiln stability, uptime and clinker quality.
How have refractory demands changed in your kiln and pyro-processing line over the last five years?
Over the last five years, refractory demands in our kiln and pyro line have changed. Earlier, the focus was mostly on standard grades and routine shutdown-based replacement. But now, because of higher production loads, more alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) usage and greater temperature variation, the expectation from refractory has increased.
In our own case, the current kiln refractory has already completed around 1.5 years, which itself shows how much more we now rely on materials that can handle thermal shock, alkali attack and coating fluctuations. We have moved towards more stable, high-performance linings so that we don’t have to enter the kiln frequently for repairs.
Overall, the shift has been from just ‘installation and run’ to selecting refractories that give longer life, better coating behaviour and more predictable performance under tougher operating conditions.
What are the biggest refractory challenges in the preheater, calciner and cooler zones?
• Preheater: Coating instability, chloride/sulphur cycles and brick erosion.
• Calciner: AFR firing, thermal shock and alkali infiltration.
• Cooler: Severe abrasion, red-river formation and mechanical stress on linings.
Overall, the biggest challenge is maintaining lining stability under highly variable operating conditions.
How do you evaluate and select refractory partners for long-term performance?
In real plant conditions, we don’t select a refractory partner just by looking at price. First, we see their past performance in similar kilns and whether their material has actually survived our operating conditions. We also check how strong their technical support is during shutdowns, because installation quality matters as much as the material itself.
Another key point is how quickly they respond during breakdowns or hot spots. A good partner should be available on short notice. We also look at their failure analysis capability, whether they can explain why a lining failed and suggest improvements.
On top of this, we review the life they delivered in the last few campaigns, their supply reliability and their willingness to offer plant-specific custom solutions instead of generic grades. Only a partner who supports us throughout the life cycle, which includes selection, installation, monitoring and post-failure analysis, fits our long-term requirement.
Can you share a recent example where better refractory selection improved uptime or clinker quality?
Recently, we upgraded to a high-abrasion basic brick at the kiln outlet. Earlier we had frequent chipping and coating loss. With the new lining, thermal stability improved and the coating became much more stable. As a result, our shutdown interval increased and clinker quality remained more consistent. It had a direct impact on our uptime.
How is increased AFR use affecting refractory behaviour?
Increased AFR use is definitely putting more stress on the refractory. The biggest issue we see daily is the rise in chlorine, alkalis and volatiles, which directly attack the lining, especially in the calciner and kiln inlet. AFR firing is also not as stable as conventional fuel, so we face frequent temperature fluctuations, which cause more thermal shock and small cracks in the lining.
Another real problem is coating instability. Some days the coating builds too fast, other days it suddenly drops, and both conditions impact refractory life. We also notice more dust circulation and buildup inside the calciner whenever the AFR mix changes, which again increases erosion.
Because of these practical issues, we have started relying more on alkali-resistant, low-porosity and better thermal shock–resistant materials to handle the additional stress coming from AFR.
What role does digital monitoring or thermal profiling play in your refractory strategy?
Digital tools like kiln shell scanners, IR imaging and thermal profiling help us detect weakening areas much earlier. This reduces unplanned shutdowns, helps identify hotspots accurately and allows us to replace only the critical sections. Overall, our maintenance has shifted from reactive to predictive, improving lining life significantly.
How do you balance cost, durability and installation speed during refractory shutdowns?
We focus on three points:
• Material quality that suits our thermal profile and chemistry.
• Installation speed, in fast turnarounds, we prefer monolithic.
• Life-cycle cost—the cheapest material is not the most economical. We look at durability, future downtime and total cost of ownership.
This balance ensures reliable performance without unnecessary expenditure.
What refractory or pyro-processing innovations could transform Indian cement operations?
Some promising developments include:
• High-performance, low-porosity and nano-bonded refractories
• Precast modular linings to drastically reduce shutdown time
• AI-driven kiln thermal analytics
• Advanced coating management solutions
• More AFR-compatible refractory mixes
These innovations can significantly improve kiln stability, efficiency and maintenance planning across the industry.
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