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Economy & Market

The great logistics opportunity

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Port-led industrial development of the country is the new mantra of the Modi government, where the emphasis is on usage of sea routes and waterways. This throws up fresh opportunities for the cement industry to reduce logistics costs.

The domestic cement industry has already reached the best of operating parameters, and there is very little scope to improve efficiencies to reduce cost. One of the options available is to reduce distribution cost. Further, fierce competition in the crowded marketplace keeps pushing managements to find effective ways to lower costs.

Logistics is a key cost differentiator, and the cement company that can master the art of delivering cement at the lowest cost will be the winner in the market. Cement transportation by water throws up many opportunities. For more details, refer to the elaborate interview of industry veteran Sumit Banerjee elsewhere in this issue.

As the commodity cost of cement is quite low, the transportation cost is a key factor in competitively supplying customers with cement. Waterborne transportation has remarkably lower costs than rail or road transportation, but substantial infrastructure is required to load and unload ships. The cost is dependent on distance, ship size and several other factors, but the most important parameter is the market condition on the required trading route.

Inward logistics includes coal and limestone transportation, while outward logistics is mostly the final product, cement. Some companies also incur outbound logistics cost of transporting clinker to their grinding plants.

The Indian cement industry is the second largest in the world after China, with a total capacity of close to 350 MT and plays a major role in the development of the nation. Therefore, considering the role of the industry in the economy?s development, it is necessary to incentivise bulk transportation and thereby optimise cost, save fuel and reduce carbon emission, while ensuring safe carriage.

General cargo ships are also available in a wide range of type and sizes. For distribution on inland waterways, there are barges or small self-propelled ships in ranges from 200 to 2,500 tonnes. For cement transport in coastal regions, ships between 1,000 and 7,000 tonne cargo capacity are available.

On the other hand, there is no mechanisation process in India, in spite of the wishes of the industry. Here the government has to play an active role. Industry on its own cannot make mechanisation happen. It should be a collaborative effort. In the short run, mechanisation will create disturbance, but in the long run, every stakeholder will be befitted. People need to be educated and prepared to face these short-term disturbances. Mechanisation can alone reduce cost by a minimum of 10 per cent. Cement producers currently evacuate around 3,000 tonnes by the manual route from railway/goods sheds, just because systems are not mechanised. In today?s context, labour is already becoming a scare commodity, so the industry should be prepared for such an eventuality in 2018-2020. Transporting cement by the sea route will easily provide a window for mechanisation.

Cement transportation through water can be done using either general cargo ships (ships that are suitable to handle all kinds of bulk cargo) or specialist ships that only carry cement and have their own loading and unloading equipment. Dispatching bagged cement is relatively easier compared to loose cement. The specialist ships to carry loose cement are called cement carriers, and are available in a large range of sizes and types (see Rama Murthy Nety?s interview for more details).

Transporting cement through such ships is already a popular concept. Self-discharging cement carriers (small inland barges) can support cargo capacity of 300 tonnes. The largest self-discharging cement carriers have a cargo capacity of 40,000 tonnes. There are many companies like KGJ Cement and BIMCO Cement Carriers, and a number of others on the international scene, who are specialists in cement transport.

Pneumatic Self-Unloaders
Pneumatic self-unloading vessels are built specifically to handle powder cargoes such as cement. Using lean-phase or dense-phase pneumatic conveying systems, they operate using compressed air to move the cargo through piping to load and unload. Both the loading and unloading processes are completely enclosed, and this type of vessel is expected to operate completely in a dust-free environment. From an environmental standpoint, this is one of the most effective methods of transporting cement by sea.

The pneumatic conveying technology on the ship is matched with the systems on shore to account for pipeline restrictions and high volumes of air. This ensures optimum loading and discharging rates – typically 1,500 t/hr.

Handling and Transporting Cement
The cargo holds of the pneumatic self-unloaders have sloping bottom surfaces fitted with air slides. Cement powder is fluidised when compressed air is injected into the air slides below the cargo, and the sloping surfaces of the cargo hold move the cement toward the center tunnel for discharging.

Rotary valves and cement screws in the tunnel inject the cement into the discharge piping where high volumes of transport air move the cement and carry it in suspension through the discharge pipelines to a storage silo ashore. The same pipelines are used to load the vessel through a single point. Distribution pipes on the vessel direct the cement powder into the hold to be loaded, and large dust collectors are used to evacuate the transported air from the holds, and filter out the dust. The instrumentation and use of IT finds its way in handling ship fleets. The systems are today equipped with remote diagnostics, which engineers based on land can access. General bulk carriers are very suitable for retrofitting cement-handling equipment and any size of second hand bulk carrier can quickly and easily be converted into a self-loading and unloading cement carrier at a much lower overall cost than a new ship.

Today, 70 per cent of the cement movement worldwide is by sea compared to just 1-2 per cent in India. However, the scenario is changing with most of the big players like UltraTech, Ambuja and Sanghi having set up their bulk terminals.

Currently, around 60 per cent of cement in India is transported using roads – the costliest of the transportation modes at around Rs 1.5 per tonne per kilometre.

For every 50-kg bag of cement, the logistics cost comes to around Rs 18-25 by road and Rs 12-15 by railway, depending on the distance. For example, the country?s third-largest cement maker, Ambuja Cements, has opted for sea-routes to transport its cement from Gujarat to the southern market.

Success stories
In India, the credit of using the sea route for transporting cement/clinker can be given to the Chowgules of erstwhile Narmada Cement, which set up the country?s first split location plant. Later on, Ambuja Cements, which had a coast-based plant, started using the sea route to feed the Mumbai market, and has very effectively created a dominant space in the western market – especially in and around the state capital.

The full credit has to be given to Narotam Sekhsaria for his vision. Today Ambuja does not have any plant in the southern region, yet it is supplying material to those markets only because it uses the sea route. Now, Ambuja Cements, as a part of cement giant LafargeHolcim, is expected to do much better and find different ways of using water routes for transporting cement. LafargeHolcim has been using the sea route in other places of the world, and is well suited to this operation, compared to other local players. Not to be left behind, UltraTech has also exploited the sea to transport cement after taking over L&T?s cement business.

Today, the water route is being used by mainly Ambuja, UltraTech and Sanghi Cement. Sanghi is a smaller volume player compared to the other two, but it has very ambitious plans for moving cement by sea. With its cement production running smoothly, the company has plans to improve its distribution side through more focus on logistics, with more investment on coastal movement for domestic as well as foreign markets. In fact, Sanghi has started moving its cement through coastal shipping. Earlier, it had major plans to export cement to neighbouring countries, but this business route is not lucrative any more, thanks to the plunging global prices of cement.

Sanghi Cement has the distinction of being the only cement company to receive an Export House status in the first eight months of commencement of operations. Another experiment carried out by Cochin Port Trust is worth mentioning. The surplus land with the port trust has been leased out to cement companies to set up bulk cement terminals.

In conclusion, a solution for Europe will not be suitable for Indonesia, a solution for the UK will not be an ideal solution for Bangladesh, and a solution for the USA will not be feasible for India. We need to find our own solutions to reduce the logistics cost of cement, either through waterways or rail.

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Economy & Market

Smart Pumping for Rock Blasting

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SEEPEX introduces BN pumps with Smart Joint Access (SJA) to improve efficiency, reliability, and inspection speed in demanding rock blasting operations.
Designed for abrasive and chemical media, the solution supports precise dosing, reduced downtime, and enhanced operational safety.

SEEPEX has introduced BN pumps with Smart Joint Access (SJA), engineered for the reliable and precise transfer of abrasive, corrosive, and chemical media in mining and construction. Designed for rock blasting, the pump features a large inspection opening for quick joint checks, a compact footprint for mobile or skid-mounted installations, and flexible drive and material options for consistent performance and uptime.

“Operators can inspect joints quickly and rely on precise pumping of shear-sensitive and abrasive emulsions,” said Magalie Levray, Global Business Development Manager Mining at SEEPEX. “This is particularly critical in rock blasting, where every borehole counts for productivity.” Industry Context

Rock blasting is essential for extracting hard rock and shaping safe excavation profiles in mining and construction. Accurate and consistent loading of explosive emulsions ensures controlled fragmentation, protects personnel, and maximizes productivity. Even minor deviations in pumping can cause delays or reduce product quality. BN pumps with SJA support routine maintenance and pre-operation checks by allowing fast verification of joint integrity, enabling more efficient operations.

Always Inspection Ready

Smart Joint Access is designed for inspection-friendly operations. The large inspection opening in the suction housing provides direct access to both joints, enabling rapid pre-operation checks while maintaining high operational reliability. Technicians can assess joint condition quickly, supporting continuous, reliable operation.

Key Features

  • Compact Footprint: Fits truck-mounted mobile units, skid-mounted systems, and factory installations.
  • Flexible Drive Options: Compact hydraulic drive or electric drive configurations.
  • Hydraulic Efficiency: Low-displacement design reduces oil requirements and supports low total cost of ownership.
  • Equal Wall Stator Design: Ensures high-pressure performance in a compact footprint.
  • Material Flexibility: Stainless steel or steel housings, chrome-plated rotors, and stators in NBR, EPDM, or FKM.

Operators benefit from shorter inspection cycles, reliable dosing, seamless integration, and fast delivery through framework agreements, helping to maintain uptime in critical rock blasting processes.

Applications – Optimized for Rock Blasting

BN pumps with SJA are designed for mining, tunneling, quarrying, civil works, dam construction, and other sectors requiring precise handling of abrasive or chemical media. They provide robust performance while enabling fast, reliable inspection and maintenance.With SJA, operators can quickly access both joints without disassembly, ensuring emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently. This reduces downtime, preserves product integrity, and supports uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.

With the Smart Joint Access inspection opening, operators can quickly access and assess the condition of both joints without disassembly, enabling immediate verification of pump readiness prior to blast hole loading. This allows operators to confirm that emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently, protecting personnel, minimizing product degradation, and maintaining uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.

The combination of equal wall stator design, compact integration, flexible drives, and progressive cavity pump technology ensures continuous, reliable operation even in space-limited, high-pressure environments.

From Inspection to Operation

A leading explosives provider implemented BN pumps with SJA in open pit and underground operations. By replacing legacy pumps, inspection cycles were significantly shortened, allowing crews to complete pre-operation checks and return mobile units to productive work faster. Direct joint access through SJA enabled immediate verification, consistent emulsion dosing, and reduced downtime caused by joint-related deviations.

“The inspection opening gives immediate confidence that each joint is secure before proceeding to bore holes,” said a site technician. “It allows us to act quickly, keeping blasting schedules on track.”

Framework agreements ensured rapid pump supply and minimal downtime, supporting multi-site operations across continents

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Concrete

Digital process control is transforming grinding

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Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, delves into how digital intelligence is transforming cement grinding into a predictive, stable, and energy-efficient operation.

Grinding sits at the heart of cement manufacturing, accounting for the largest share of electrical energy consumption. In this interview, Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, explains how advanced grinding technologies, data-driven optimisation and process intelligence are transforming mill performance, reducing power consumption and supporting the industry’s decarbonisation goals.

How has the grinding process evolved in Indian cement plants to meet rising efficiency and sustainability expectations?
Over the past decade, Indian cement plants have seen a clear evolution in grinding technology, moving from conventional open-circuit ball mills to high-efficiency closed-circuit systems, Roller Press–Ball Mill combinations and Vertical Roller Mills (VRMs). This shift has been supported by advances in separator design, improved wear-resistant materials, and the growing use of digital process automation. As a result, grinding units today operate as highly controlled manufacturing systems where real-time data, process intelligence and efficient separation work together to deliver stable and predictable performance.
From a sustainability perspective, these developments directly reduce specific power consumption, improve equipment reliability and lower the carbon footprint per tonne of cement produced.

How critical is grinding optimisation in reducing specific power consumption across ball mills and VRMs?
Grinding is the largest consumer of electrical energy in a cement plant, which makes optimisation one of the most effective levers for improving energy efficiency. In ball mill systems, optimisation through correct media selection, charge design, diaphragm configuration, ventilation management and separator tuning can typically deliver power savings of 5 per cent to 8 per cent. In VRMs, fine-tuning airflow balance, grinding pressure, nozzle ring settings, and circulating load can unlock energy reductions in the range of 8 per cent to 12 per cent. Across both systems, sustained operation under stable conditions is critical. Consistency in mill loading and operating parameters improves quality control, reduces wear, and enables long-term energy efficiency, making stability a key operational KPI.

What challenges arise in maintaining consistent cement quality when using alternative raw materials and blended compositions?
The increased use of alternative raw materials and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) introduces variability in chemistry, moisture, hardness, and loss on ignition. This variability makes it more challenging to maintain consistent fineness, particle size distribution, throughput and downstream performance parameters such as setting time, strength development and workability.
As clinker substitution levels rise, grinding precision becomes increasingly important. Even small improvements in consistency enable higher SCM utilisation without compromising cement performance.
Addressing these challenges requires stronger feed homogenisation, real-time quality monitoring and dynamic adjustment of grinding parameters so that output quality remains stable despite changing input characteristics.

How is digital process control changing the way grinding performance is optimised?
Digital process control is transforming grinding from an operator-dependent activity into a predictive, model-driven operation. Technologies such as online particle size and residue analysers, AI-based optimisation platforms, digital twins for VRMs and Roller Press systems, and advanced process control solutions are redefining how performance is managed.
At the same time, workforce roles are evolving. Operators are increasingly focused on interpreting data trends through digital dashboards and responding proactively rather than relying on manual interventions. Together, these tools improve mill stability, enable faster response to disturbances, maintain consistent fineness, and reduce specific energy consumption while minimising manual effort.

How do you see grinding technologies supporting the industry’s low-clinker and decarbonisation goals?
Modern grinding technologies are central to the industry’s decarbonisation efforts. They enable higher incorporation of SCMs such as fly ash, slag, and limestone, improve particle fineness and reactivity, and reduce overall power consumption. Efficient grinding makes it possible to maintain consistent cement quality at lower clinker factors. Every improvement in energy intensity and particle engineering directly contributes to lower CO2 emissions.
As India moves toward low-carbon construction, precision grinding will remain a foundational capability for delivering sustainable, high-performance cement aligned with national and global climate objectives.

How much potential does grinding optimisation hold for immediate energy
and cost savings?
The potential for near-term savings is substantial. Without major capital investment, most plants can achieve 5 per cent to 15 per cent power reduction through measures such as improving separator efficiency, optimising ventilation, refining media grading, and fine-tuning operating parameters.
With continued capacity expansion across India, advanced optimisation tools will help ensure that productivity gains are not matched by proportional increases in energy demand. Given current power costs, this translates into direct and measurable financial benefits, making grinding optimisation one of the fastest-payback operational initiatives available to cement manufacturers today.

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Concrete

Refractory demands in our kiln have changed

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Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, points out why performance, predictability and life-cycle value now matter more than routine replacement in cement kilns.

As Indian cement plants push for higher throughput, increased alternative fuel usage and tighter shutdown cycles, refractory performance in kilns and pyro-processing systems is under growing pressure. In this interview, Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, shares how refractory demands have evolved on the ground and how smarter digital monitoring is improving kiln stability, uptime and clinker quality.

How have refractory demands changed in your kiln and pyro-processing line over the last five years?
Over the last five years, refractory demands in our kiln and pyro line have changed. Earlier, the focus was mostly on standard grades and routine shutdown-based replacement. But now, because of higher production loads, more alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) usage and greater temperature variation, the expectation from refractory has increased.
In our own case, the current kiln refractory has already completed around 1.5 years, which itself shows how much more we now rely on materials that can handle thermal shock, alkali attack and coating fluctuations. We have moved towards more stable, high-performance linings so that we don’t have to enter the kiln frequently for repairs.
Overall, the shift has been from just ‘installation and run’ to selecting refractories that give longer life, better coating behaviour and more predictable performance under tougher operating conditions.

What are the biggest refractory challenges in the preheater, calciner and cooler zones?
• Preheater: Coating instability, chloride/sulphur cycles and brick erosion.
• Calciner: AFR firing, thermal shock and alkali infiltration.
• Cooler: Severe abrasion, red-river formation and mechanical stress on linings.
Overall, the biggest challenge is maintaining lining stability under highly variable operating conditions.

How do you evaluate and select refractory partners for long-term performance?
In real plant conditions, we don’t select a refractory partner just by looking at price. First, we see their past performance in similar kilns and whether their material has actually survived our operating conditions. We also check how strong their technical support is during shutdowns, because installation quality matters as much as the material itself.
Another key point is how quickly they respond during breakdowns or hot spots. A good partner should be available on short notice. We also look at their failure analysis capability, whether they can explain why a lining failed and suggest improvements.
On top of this, we review the life they delivered in the last few campaigns, their supply reliability and their willingness to offer plant-specific custom solutions instead of generic grades. Only a partner who supports us throughout the life cycle, which includes selection, installation, monitoring and post-failure analysis, fits our long-term requirement.

Can you share a recent example where better refractory selection improved uptime or clinker quality?
Recently, we upgraded to a high-abrasion basic brick at the kiln outlet. Earlier we had frequent chipping and coating loss. With the new lining, thermal stability improved and the coating became much more stable. As a result, our shutdown interval increased and clinker quality remained more consistent. It had a direct impact on our uptime.

How is increased AFR use affecting refractory behaviour?
Increased AFR use is definitely putting more stress on the refractory. The biggest issue we see daily is the rise in chlorine, alkalis and volatiles, which directly attack the lining, especially in the calciner and kiln inlet. AFR firing is also not as stable as conventional fuel, so we face frequent temperature fluctuations, which cause more thermal shock and small cracks in the lining.
Another real problem is coating instability. Some days the coating builds too fast, other days it suddenly drops, and both conditions impact refractory life. We also notice more dust circulation and buildup inside the calciner whenever the AFR mix changes, which again increases erosion.
Because of these practical issues, we have started relying more on alkali-resistant, low-porosity and better thermal shock–resistant materials to handle the additional stress coming from AFR.

What role does digital monitoring or thermal profiling play in your refractory strategy?
Digital tools like kiln shell scanners, IR imaging and thermal profiling help us detect weakening areas much earlier. This reduces unplanned shutdowns, helps identify hotspots accurately and allows us to replace only the critical sections. Overall, our maintenance has shifted from reactive to predictive, improving lining life significantly.

How do you balance cost, durability and installation speed during refractory shutdowns?
We focus on three points:
• Material quality that suits our thermal profile and chemistry.
• Installation speed, in fast turnarounds, we prefer monolithic.
• Life-cycle cost—the cheapest material is not the most economical. We look at durability, future downtime and total cost of ownership.
This balance ensures reliable performance without unnecessary expenditure.

What refractory or pyro-processing innovations could transform Indian cement operations?
Some promising developments include:
• High-performance, low-porosity and nano-bonded refractories
• Precast modular linings to drastically reduce shutdown time
• AI-driven kiln thermal analytics
• Advanced coating management solutions
• More AFR-compatible refractory mixes

These innovations can significantly improve kiln stability, efficiency and maintenance planning across the industry.

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