Economy & Market

Consolidation in cement industry: Gobbling Up!

Published

14 years ago

August 31, 2012

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The cement industry has been going through consolidation phase with large Indian cement players preying on smaller ones and foreign cement majors acquiring controlling stake in Indian majors. Prakash Patil looks at the M&A scenario and what it holds for the future of cement industry in India.It’s mergers and acquisitions season in the Indian cement industry and the latest big ticket deal is the acquisition of 51 per cent controlling stake by Irish cement major CRH in the two 2.4 MTPA plants of the Jaypee Group in Gujarat. A buoyant trend in prices could reportedly fetch the Jaypee Group at least $160 per tonne as replacement value, as it puts on the block its hived-off plants in western (2 units of 2.4 MT each) and southern India (1 unit of 5 MTPA). The deal for the two 2.4 MTPA plants is reportedly valued at Rs 4,200 crore. However, as Jaypee Group has its third plant with a capacity of 5 MTPA in Andhra Pradesh and the three plants would be valued at about Rs 9,000 crore. For CRH, this will be the second acquisition in India. The company had forayed into India in 2008 with the acquisition of 50 per cent stake in Hyderabad-based cement producer My Home Industries, which had an installed capacity of 4.2 MTPA.The latest CRH-Jaypee Group deal is an indication of the churning the Indian cement industry is going through over the last decade or so. The big fishes are on the prowl to gobble up smaller fries in the business and considering that there are 139 large cement plants and 365 mini cement plants in the country currently with 40 major and mid-size players having pan-India presence, the opportunities for acquisitions for the large cement players are enticing. And, it’s not just the small fries that are on the radar of the big players, even some of the biggest cement companies have been taken over in the past and many more are being wooed. After all, the cement business of Jaypee Group being acquired by CRH makes Jaypee Group the third largest cement player in India after UltraTech and Ambuja Cements.The big ticket dealsApart from the latest big ticket deal between the CRH-Jaypee Group, there have been quite a few large takeovers since 1999. When Gujarat Ambuja Cements (GACL) picked up 7.2 per cent stake in India’s then largest cement manufacturer ACC at a price of Rs 370 per share when the market price hovered around Rs 240 per share from the Tatas in December 1999, it created sensation. Later in 2000, GACL acquired the balance 7.2 per cent from the Tatas to become the largest shareholder in ACC. But the twist to this tale came when Swiss cement major Holcim picked up 14.8 per cent stake in Gujarat Ambuja Cements (later to merge with Ambuja Cements Eastern to become Ambuja Cements) for Rs 2,100 crore through the creeping acquisition route and later picked up another 20 per cent stake for Rs 2,400 crore. Subsequently, Holcim hiked its stake in Ambuja Cements to over 50 per cent, thereby acquiring complete management control over Ambuja Cements. The Holcim transaction and valuation provides an excellent indication of the extent to which investors and strategic players are ready to buy the India growth story. In 2005, Holcim acquired stake in ACC at an enterprise value (EV) of $111 per tonne and the next year Holcim acquired stake in Ambuja Cement at an EV of $193 per tonne. In 2007, Holcim again increased its stake in Ambuja Cements at an EV of $301 per tonne!With this acquisition, Holcim also acquired management control over ACC as Ambuja Cements had hiked its stake in ACC to more than 50 per cent. So, Holcim upped the ante for other global cement companies by acquiring majority stake and management control over two of India’s largest cement companies.Lafarge, the French cement major, got late into action in the M&A space and decided to take the acquisition route to fast track it cement business in India. The company declared in 2010 that it was open to consolidation in India and, according to Bruno Lafont, Chairman & CEO, Lafarge, the timeframe for acquisitions was the next five years. "We see consolidation happening (in the cement industry) in India in the mid term period. We are confident of our ability to deliver our investments in India and are open to seizing new opportunities, be it consolidation or greenfield projects," said Lafont while inaugurating the clinker line at Lafarge India’s cement plant in January 2010 at Sonadih in Chhattisgarh. The company entered the Indian market in 1999 with the acquisition of Tata Steel’s cement plant. This was followed by the purchase of the Raymond Cement facility in 2001 and the acquisition of L&T’s concrete business in 2008.The takeover of L&T’s cement business by Grasim Industries in June 2003 also created buzz in the market since this takeover catapulted Grasim Industries (later its cement division being merged into UltraTech Cement) from the third position to the numero uno position in India. After the takeover, UltraTech’s installed capacity went up from 13 MTPA to 31 MTPA. Grasim Industries had to shell out Rs 2,200 crore over a period of three years for a majority stake in Ultratech Cement. Today, UltraTech maintains its leadership position with an installed capacity of 52 MTPA, with Holcim at the no. 2 position with combined capacity of 45 MTPA through ACC and Ambuja Cement.These are just a few samples of big ticket deals that have happened in the cement sector in India since late nineties. There have been many more big and small takeovers and mergers by domestic players since mid-1990s and by foreign players since late-1990s (see box). According to the data published by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, the cement sector attracted foreign direct investments (FDI) worth US$ 2.62 bn between April 2000 to May 2012, which is an ample indication of the fact that the cement sector has been attracting foreign investors in droves.The key M&A triggersClearly, the cement biggies have gone on a shopping spree since during the last decade or so. And not without reason. There are compelling reasons why domestic and foreign cement majors appear to be so bullish on India. "Major reasons for consolidation were excess capacity and entry of foreign players who wanted a pie of untapped Indian market…Apart from above two reasons, another factor that is leading to consolidation is the rising cost of greenfield capacity which also tends to have longer gestation period. Existing players are eyeing companies who are unable to meet rising cost of raw materials due to increasing imported coal prices. On the other hand, the top players who want to spread their reach are tapping such companies as it saves on time factor of greenfield capacities," says Alok Sanghi, Director, Sanghi Industries.
Commenting on the reasons for consolidation, Jailesh Dalal, Director, JAYCEE Buildcon (India), says "The Indian cement industry is fragmented and large domestic and international players would try to consolidate their position going forward for geographical diversification, concentrated focus on operational efficiency, challenges in acquiring land/limestone resources, exit of smaller players and divesture of cement businesses by diversified groups."Now, let’s look at each of these reasons why Indian cement industry is passing through the consolidation phase.Overcapacity

During 2007-12, cement producers added capacity to the tune of 150 MTPA, thereby almost doubling the total installed capacity to 303 MTPA in FY2012-13. According to a report by research firm RNCOS, "It is anticipated that the cement industry players will continue to increase their annual cement output in coming years and the country’s cement production will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 12 per cent during 2011-12 to 2013-14." According to projections, by 2017 the total capacity nationally would add up to 470 MTPA.The increase in capacities by many of the Indian companies was in anticipation of demand from the infrastructure sector which failed to materialise. In a situation where demand fails to keep pace with supply, the capacity utilization rate is bound to decelerate. The capacity utilisation rate for the cement industry in India has dropped from 93 per cent in FY2006-07 to 75 per cent in FY2011-12. The fall-out of such overcapacity situation is that the cement prices are likely to come under downward pressure which would make survival difficult for smaller cement companies with capacities less than 1 MTPA and therefore vulnerable for takeover. However, the fact that cement majors have built up capacities in advance is an indication that these companies expect demand for cement to remain firm due to construction activity, which is expected to gather momentum due to government’s policy to boost investments in infrastructure.Infrastructure PotentialIndia’s high housing and infrastructure deficits points to the huge potential for development of housing and infrastructure. The cement sector will benefit hugely as and when the momentum in housing and infra development picks up. This potential for development has been attracting major players in hordes from across the world. The demand for cement, being a derived demand, primarily depends on the industrial construction, real estate business, construction activities and investments in the infrastructure sector.Currently, the housing sector consumes 55-60 per cent of cement produced in India and this is expected to change in the next few years when the emphasis will shift on infrastructure development such as roads, bridges, airports, and railways, which will consume a significant percentage of cement produced in the country. The consumption of cement in agriculture is negligible today; but with a greater thrust on agriculture and the suggested ‘second green revolution’, this sector too will extensively use cement to build warehouses and other logistics.But instead of opting to set up cement plants themselves, it makes sense for the foreign players to take the acquisition route not just to make foray into India but also ramp up capacity quickly. The high potential for growth in demand for cement is amply evident from the fact that the per capita cement consumption in India was 230 kg in 2010, which is almost half of the global average of around 450 kg and way below the Chinese average per capita consumption of 1220 kg. Hence, domestic and foreign cement companies remain bullish on the prospects of cement industry in India.High capital cost & long gestation periodA cement plant is typically a capital intensive business and to establish a greenfield project takes about three years. The cost of setting up a greenfield capacity has reportedly shot up from $120 per tonne to $160 per tonne in just two years. Besides, the cement business has a long gestation period and, depending on the market situation, the break-even point may extend to three-four years at an operating level of 70-75 per cent. The high capital cost and long gestation period makes establishing a new cement plant an unattractive business proposition. Hence, established and large players may prefer to poach on the existing and established players to beat the competition and increase their market share. "The cement sector is slowly heading for a major consolidation as greenfield projects are becoming difficult to set up due to increased hassles in areas like mineral concession, land acquisition and related environmental and operational issues. This may lead the cement industry in India to be consolidated in the hands of a few major giant cement companies and only a few cement companies with single or smaller capacity plants shall continue to operate purely due to regional and local factors," says P K Ghosh, Chairman, Ercom Engineers.Entry barriers & cumbersome proceduresDifficulty in accessing limestone reserves, which is a key input in cement production, acts as a significant entry barrier for new entrants. To overcome this difficulty, takeover of companies with access to limestone reserves is the easiest route to crossing the entry barrier. No wonder, none of the foreign cement majors tried to set up a greenfield cement plant as prospecting for limestone reserves is a time-consuming process. Even if the limestone reserves are established, getting the mining rights, railway siding, etc. can reportedly take upto 7-8 years, with only 25 per cent chance of striking enough limestone reserves to last for the entire economic life-span of the plant. Hence, acquisition is bound to pick up further momentum as more cement majors enter the Indian market.The benefits of consolidationThe consolidation in the cement industry would prove to be beneficial both for the acquiring companies as well as for the cement industry. Some of the benefits that would ensue from consolidation are as follows:
Economies of scaleA large cement company enjoys the benefits of economies of scale. Mergers and acquisitions bring about consolidation of capacities which adds up the benefits of scale. The economies of scale enable the company to reduce the production costs so that it can reduce the cement price to maintain an edge over the competitors.Extended reach and increased revenuesWhen a company takes over the production and distribution facilities of another company, it immediately extends its geographical reach and increases its market share on account of expansion of the market for its product. The market expansion helps in ramping up the revenues of the company within a short span of time. The enhanced geographical reach may also result in substantial reduction in transportation costs which are quite high as cement is a bulk commodity.Technological upgradationThe new energy-efficient but capital-intensive "dry" production technology offers to the companies efficiencies that provide vital edge over the companies not deploying such technologies. Small manufacturers may not possess the requisite financial resources or production volumes to be able to afford the most efficient technology, which puts them at a competitive cost disadvantage. The entry of foreign players has led to technological upgradation and innovation in Indian cement industry. "Despite the fact that the technology used by Indian cement companies is among the best in the world, more innovation is required to ensure that cement plans are not only environment-friendly, but also low-cost in nature. M&As in last decade has helped Indian firms propel to global standards. Foreign firms who took over Indian firms have made most of the investments in India in the last decade for upgrading technology and raising capacity. With higher spend on technology, existing players are likely to focus more on ready mix concrete, bulk sales and blended cement to ensure improvement in quality as well as environment consciousness with sustainable construction," says Sanghi.The Road AheadGoing forward, the acquisitions space is going to get hotter, with lot of small and mid-sized cement companies up for grabs. Once the economies of scale kick in on account of consolidation, the cement prices are likely to remain competitive yet remunerative. This would benefit both the cement companies as well as cement consumers. Summarising the benefits of consolidation, Dalal says, "M&As would largely have a positive impact in the cement industry in India on account of value creation, economies of scale and cost efficiencies, operational and supply chain efficiencies, higher competitiveness, technology transfer, better research and development and high quality products, financial leveraging and optimization of profitability and increased focus on health, safety and environment. In the future as well, M&As would augur well for the industry as it would bring world-class technology, products and operational efficiencies into India." Sanghi too feels that M&As would be beneficial and says, "M&As in cement industry is likely to bring pricing power, improve profitability and reduce cost of branding for top players. Through M&As, top players would have higher vertical integration and locational advantage with respect to sourcing raw materials and market reach."Of course, there is always the possibility of major companies forming a cartel to keep the cement prices artificially high, but with the Competition Commission of India keeping a vigil over the production figures, capacity utilization and cement prices, the cement companies would be wary of indulging in such malpractices. Sanghi too dismisses fear of cartelization saying, "If there was (cartelisation) as is claimed, cement companies would not have reported losses in any quarter. Also, prices would have been same across the year, if there was cartelization. But every year, cement prices fall during monsoon because there is a slowdown in demand; while prices rise on and around Diwali due to surge in demand from real estate."To sum up, consolidation is good for the cement industry and there are sunny days ahead for the industry in times to come.

Concrete

Protect Your Margins

Published

4 days ago

August 28, 2026

admin

In a research-backed article, Dr SB Hegde examines why carbon-adjusted profitability and LC3 will decide the next set of winners in cement manufacturing.

The Indian cement industry has achieved world-class operational efficiency through lower specific energy consumption, high plant utilisation and a reduced average clinker factor of approximately 67.5 per cent. These traditional measures of operational excellence remain essential. However, they are no longer sufficient. Carbon now carries a measurable financial cost under India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) and under European carbon markets. Future leadership will be defined by carbon-adjusted profitability, the ability to generate strong returns while systematically lowering the carbon intensity of every ton sold.
Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) offers a practical, scalable pathway to achieve this dual objective. By replacing up to 50 per cent of clinker with calcined clay and limestone, LC3 can reduce CO2 emissions by 30–40 per cent while delivering comparable or superior durability performance.
This article examines the technical foundations of LC3, European industrial practices, the emerging Indian carbon market and a concrete roadmap for Indian companies to embed carbon-adjusted metrics and LC3 into daily operations, incentives and commercial strategy.

Limits of traditional operational excellence
For many years, plant performance has been judged primarily by five indicators: specific heat consumption, specific power consumption, kiln and mill utilisation, clinker factor and overall equipment effectiveness. These metrics drove continuous improvement and helped the industry reduce energy use and increase the share of blended cement. Three structural changes have rendered them incomplete as sole measures of success.
First, carbon now carries a real or opportunity cost. Plants that improve volume or lower cash cost while raising or stagnating emissions intensity create a hidden liability that will surface as CCTS trading matures and as green procurement expands.
Second, lower-carbon products such as LC3 and high-performance blended cements are creating differentiated market segments. Customers in infrastructure, real estate and export-oriented construction are beginning to specify embodied-carbon limits.
Third, investors and lenders increasingly treat carbon intensity as a financial risk factor. Traditional KPIs can mask the divergence between short-term cash profit and long-term carbon-adjusted value.

What is carbon-adjusted profitability?
Carbon-adjusted profitability evaluates normal profit after explicit adjustment for carbon performance. A practical expression is:
Carbon-Adjusted EBITDA = Conventional EBITDA – Carbon Cost + Green Premium Income
Carbon cost may be an internal carbon price, the actual cost of purchasing Carbon Credit Certificates under CCTS, or the opportunity cost of high emissions relative to peers. Green premium income arises when customers pay more for verified lower-carbon cement or when the company sells surplus credits. Tracking both conventional and carbon-adjusted profit side-by-side gives management a clearer picture of value creation under evolving market rules.

Table 1. Traditional KPIs versus Carbon-Adjusted Leadership Metrics
Traditional Focus New Leadership Metric Why It Matters
Specific energy consumption Emissions intensity (kg CO2/t cement) Directly linked to future CCTS and CBAM costs
Kiln utilisation Carbon-adjusted contribution margin Reveals true value of incremental volume
Clinker factor Share of lower-carbon products sold (incl. LC3) Measures commercial success of the transition
Power cost per tonne Effective carbon cost per tonne sold Expose hidden liabilities
Absolute EBITDA Carbon-adjusted EBITDA + green premium Aligning profit with future market reality

LC3: Technical foundations and performance advantages
LC3 is a ternary blended cement that typically combines approximately 50 per cent clinker, 30 per cent calcined clay, 15 per cent limestone and 5 per cent gypsum (the classic LC3-50 formulation). The decisive technical advantage is that clay is calcined at 700–850 °C, far below the 1,450 °C required for clinker production. This lower temperature, together with the substantial reduction in clinker content, delivers CO2 reductions of 30–40 per cent relative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC).
Chemistry is synergistic. Calcined kaolinitic clay (metakaolin) reacts with calcium hydroxide from clinker hydration and with limestone to form additional C-A-S-H gel and carboaluminate phases. These phases densify the microstructure, reduce porosity and improve durability.
Field experience shows superior resistance to chloride ingress, sulphate attack and alkali–silica reaction. Early-age strength can match OPC with high-reactivity clays; later-age strengths routinely meet 42.5 and 52.5 grade requirements.
Importantly, LC3 does not require high-purity kaolin. Clays with 40 per cent or even lower kaolinite content can be activated successfully, expanding raw-material availability across India. Calcination can use adapted rotary kilns or dedicated flash calciners, making the technology compatible with existing plant infrastructure and far less capital-intensive than carbon capture.
Economic analyses show that LC3 can be produced at equal or lower cost than OPC in many locations because of reduced energy demand and cheaper clay. Life-cycle assessments consistently report 30–40 per cent lower embodied CO2 per tonne of cement.
Table 2. Comparative profile: OPC versus LC3-50
Parameter OPC LC3-50
Typical clinker content ~95 per cent ~50 per cent
CO2 emissions (relative) Baseline (≈0.85 t CO2/t cement process + fuel) 30–40 per cent lower
Clay calcination temperature Not applicable 700–850 °C
Key hydration products C-S-H, portlandite, ettringite C-A-S-H + carboaluminates
Chloride & sulphate resistance Good Superior
Production cost potential Baseline Equal or lower in most locations
Infrastructure compatibility Existing High (minor adaptations)

In India, commercial adoption has begun in earnest. JK Cement commenced the first commercial production of LC3 in the Indian subcontinent at its Mangrol plant in Rajasthan in 2025 under BIS standard IS 18189.
By early 2026, approximately 2,000 tonnes had been produced and sold, avoiding an estimated 500 tonnes of CO2. JK Lakshmi Cement followed with commercial launch of its Green PRO LC3 grade from the Jaykaypuram plant. As of mid-2026, two producers are supplying LC3 to the market. The first large-scale infrastructure application is the Noida International Airport (Jewar), where LC3 was used in the runway and a building complex, demonstrating full constructability and performance under demanding conditions. These early volumes are still small relative to national cement demand, but they mark the critical transition from pilot to commercial reality. Companies that scale capacity now will be positioned to capture both CCTS credits and emerging green-procurement demand.

Why the shift is accelerating
According to the World Bank’s State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2026, direct carbon pricing now covers nearly 30 per cent of global greenhouse-gas emissions and generated more than US$107 billion in public revenue in 2025. The average global carbon price stands at approximately US$21 per tonne, although regional prices vary widely.
In Europe, the EU ETS price has traded near €80–85 per tonen in mid-2026. Free allocation for cement is being withdrawn in parallel with CBAM. European producers therefore face a clear signal: every tonne of avoided CO2 improves both compliance and competitiveness. Holcim has scaled calcined-clay production, including Europe’s first dedicated line at Saint-Pierre-la-Cour (France) and a second line in the Czech Republic (2026). Heidelberg Materials, Cementir (FUTURECEM) and others have commercialised low-clinker calcined-clay blends across multiple markets, showing that carbon-adjusted profitability is already reshaping capital allocation in the world’s most mature carbon market.India’s CCTS is now operational. Binding emission intensity targets apply to 186 cement facilities for FY 2025–26 and FY 2026–27. Average required reductions for integrated plants are modest (around 2.7 per cent by FY 2027), yet the direction is clear.
Trading of Carbon Credit Certificates is expected in the second half of 2026, with early prices likely in the `800–1,500 per tonne range. Plants that outperform targets can sell credits; those that underperform must buy them or face compensation. Cement is well positioned to be a net supplier of credits if clinker factor continues to fall through LC3 and other low-clinker systems.

Way forward for India
India starts from a strong baseline, world-class energy efficiency and a clinker factor already lower than the global average. The next competitive frontier is the deliberate reduction of process emissions through clinker substitution at scale. LC3 is uniquely suited to Indian conditions because suitable clays are widely distributed, the technology fits existing kiln and grinding infrastructure, and the resulting product can meet the performance demands of both infrastructure and building construction.
A practical national pathway contains five interlocking elements:

Standards and acceptance: Accelerated finalisation and promotion of BIS specifications for calcined-clay and limestone–calcined-clay cements will remove a key barrier to commercial uptake. Alignment with European practice (EN 197-5) can facilitate knowledge transfer and export readiness.
Supply-chain development: Investment in flash calcination capacity and systematic characterisation of regional clay deposits will secure reliable, low-cost feedstock. Existing rotary kilns can be adapted for initial volumes while dedicated calciners are built.
Incentive alignment: Part of variable compensation for plant managers, sales teams and senior leadership should be linked to emissions intensity reduction and to the volume of lower-carbon products (including LC3) sold. Without this link, traditional volume and cost targets will continue to dominate behaviour.
Product-level carbon accounting: Reliable measurement of emissions intensity at the individual cement grade level, supported by third-party verification where required, is essential for both CCTS compliance and credible green claims.
Demand-side pull: Green public procurement policies that specify maximum embodied-carbon thresholds for major infrastructure projects will create a predictable market for LC3 and other low-carbon cements, accelerating scale and cost reduction.
Companies that treat LC3 as a strategic product line rather than a niche offering will be better positioned to generate surplus Carbon Credit Certificates, capture any emerging green premium, and protect margins as carbon costs rise.

Organisational changes required
Technical capability alone is insufficient. Three organisational shifts are required.
Daily management: Emissions intensity must appear on the same daily and monthly dashboards as heat consumption, power consumption and utilization. Plant reviews should examine both conventional and carbon-adjusted results.
Incentives: A meaningful portion of bonuses for plant heads, technical teams and sales leadership should be tied to lower emissions intensity and successful commercialisation of LC3 and other low-carbon grades.
Commercial approach: Sales teams need clear volume and pricing targets for lower-carbon products, supported by technical service that helps customers specify and place the material correctly. Without commercial pull, excellent technical performance remains under-utilised.

Table 3. Three-stage roadmap to carbon-adjusted profitability
Time Horizon Priority Actions Expected Outcome
Next 12 months Add emissions intensity to plant dashboards; establish internal carbon price; initiate LC3 pilot production and customer trials Visibility and early organisational learning
12–24 months Revise incentive systems; scale LC3 and other low-carbon grades to key accounts; secure third-party verification capability People and sales aligned with carbon goals
24–36 months Embed carbon-adjusted metrics in board reporting and capital allocation; expand calcined-clay capacity Full system integration and competitive advantage

Questions senior leaders should ask
Boards can accelerate the transition by insisting on answers to a short list of questions:
• Is our carbon-adjusted profit improving, stable or declining relative to conventional EBITDA?
• Did recent volume growth improve or worsen our emissions intensity?
• What share of sales already comes from lower-carbon products, including LC3, and what is the trajectory?
• How exposed is our capital expenditure plan to rising carbon costs under CCTS and potential CBAM-related requirements?
• Do our incentive systems still reward only volume and cost, or have they been updated to include carbon performance?
Treating carbon with the same seriousness as energy cost or kiln utilization does not diminish operational excellence; it expands the definition of excellence to match the new competitive reality.

Looking ahead
By 2030 the gap between leading and lagging cement companies will not be decided by who records the lowest specific heat consumption. It will be decided by who delivers the strongest carbon-adjusted profits.
Absolute emissions may still rise as national production grows. That is not the issue. Companies that reduce intensity year after year and successfully sell cleaner products will pull ahead in both domestic and export markets. Those that do not will fall behind, even if their traditional efficiency numbers look strong.
Operational excellence built the Indian cement industry. It remains the foundation. It is no longer the complete picture. Carbon-adjusted profitability is the clearer measure of success.
LC3 is not a distant technology. It is available now. It cuts CO3 by 30–40 per cent, works with existing plants, and is already in commercial production in India. Companies that treat it as a strategic product, not a pilot, will protect their margins and generate tradable credits.
Leaders who act now will place carbon metrics on daily dashboards, link incentives to intensity reduction and LC3 sales, invest in calcined-clay capacity, and build commercial capability to sell lower-carbon products. They will shape the next chapter of the industry.

References

World Bank. (2026). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2026. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP). (2026). India Carbon Credit Trading Scheme – Status and Coverage. Berlin: ICAP.
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change / Bureau of Energy Efficiency. (2025). Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025. New Delhi: Government of India.
Scrivener, K., Martirena, F., Bishnoi, S., & Maity, S. (2018). Calcined clay limestone cements (LC3). Cement and Concrete Research, 114, 49–56.
RMI. (2024). The Business Case for LC3. Rocky Mountain Institute.
European Commission. (2026). EU Emissions Trading System – Allowance Price Data and Free Allocation Phase-out Schedule. Brussels.
Holcim. (2025–2026). Scaling Calcined Clay for Sustainable Building – Corporate Updates on European and Latin American Capacity. Zurich: Holcim Ltd.
LC3 Project / EPFL. (2026). LC3 – A Guide to Best Practices for Scalable, Affordable and Sustainable Low-Carbon Building. Lausanne: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne.
Business Today / Industry Reports. (2026). First Large-Scale LC3 Application at Noida International Airport, Jewar. New Delhi.
NITI Aayog / Industry Analyses. (2026). Roadmap and Baseline Performance Indicators for the Indian Cement Sector. New Delhi.
Springer / Innovative Infrastructure Solutions. (2026). LC3 Systems: A Review of Chemistry, Performance, Durability and Sustainability toward Market Adoption.
Cementir Holding / Industry Sources. (2025–2026). FUTURECEM and Related Low-Clinker Technologies in Europe.
Climate Risk Horizons & Independent Analyses. (2026). Assessment of Emission Intensity Targets under India’s CCTS for Cement and Other Hard-to-Abate Sectors.
GCCA / TERI. (Various years). Decarbonization Roadmaps for the Indian Cement Industry.
EN 197-5:2021. Cement – Part 5: Portland-composite cement CEM II/C-M and Composite cement CEM VI. European Committee for Standardization.

Concrete

More Oversight Makes Cement Plants Less Safe

Published

4 days ago

August 28, 2026

admin

Dijam Panigrahi makes a counterintuitive but data-backed argument that routing every sensor alert through human approval does not make cement plants safer.

India’s cement industry has spent the last two years wiring kilns, mills and coolers with sensors and automated control systems, and the safety case for doing so is strong on paper. Contract workers still make up the majority of the industry’s workforce, and fatal accidents remain a recurring problem. The Indian National Cement Workers Federation has noted that around 83 per cent of workers in the sector hold precarious positions, a fact that resurfaced after an oxygen cylinder explosion killed three contract workers at a plant in Chhattisgarh.
Industry tallies compiled by IndustriALL found cement plants recorded at least seventeen accidents in one year with 21 workers killed, and ten accidents the following year with nine killed, most of them contract staff. Automated monitoring, in theory, closes that gap. A sensor never gets complacent and never skips a check because a shift is short staffed.
However, plants that respond by routing every anomaly reading to a person for approval are quietly building a system that fails the same way understaffing does. When operators receive dozens of flagged deviations a shift, most of them minor, they learn a simple lesson: the fastest way through the queue is to approve without reading closely. The safety benefit disappears, not because the technology failed, but because the humans supervising it adapted to the volume.

Why alerts get ignored
A study cited by manufacturing technology publisher Applied SmartFactory found more than 95 per cent of alarms in a semiconductor fab were low priority, and only about 4 per cent ever triggered an action, with just 100 out of 5,000 alarms accounting for 70 per cent of all alarm activity. The mechanism is the same whether the trigger is a vibration sensor or an AI model flagging a kiln temperature swing. Once the ratio of noise to signal crosses a threshold, workers stop treating the system as a decision aid and start treating it as a formality to clear.
The scale of AI deployment underway makes this more than a theoretical risk. Stanford’s 2026 AI Index Report found organisational adoption of AI has reached 88 per cent, even as documented AI incidents rose to 362 in 2025, up sharply from 233 the year before, according to analysis of the report. The Index also found only about a third of organisations have adopted a formal governance framework, with NIST’s AI Risk Management Framework cited by 33 per cent and ISO/IEC 42001 cited by 36 per cent.
Most manufacturers are deploying monitoring systems faster than they are building the judgment for when a flagged event actually needs a person’s attention. In India, plants run by JK Cement have begun pairing CCTV feeds with AI to define safe zones around heavy machinery, a promising direction that still depends on operators trusting and reading the alerts the system generates.

A three-tier model for cement plant
The fix is not less monitoring or more monitoring. It is classifying decisions by risk and by novelty, rather than treating human oversight as a single switch that is either on or off. A workable model sorts factory floor events into three tiers.
The first tier, proceed, covers deviations the plant has seen before that fall within known safe bounds, such as a kiln feed rate adjustment within an established range. These should run without a stop for approval, because routing them to a person only trains that person to click through.
The second tier, pause, covers events that are unusual but not yet dangerous, such as a vibration reading trending toward a limit or a fuel blend shifting outside its typical mix. These warrant a brief human check before the system proceeds, giving an operator the chance to apply judgment the model does not yet have.
The third tier, escalate, covers events that are both high risk and unfamiliar, such as a pressure reading combined with a temperature spike that has no close precedent in the plant’s history. These should stop the process entirely and require a decision from someone with the authority to shut down a line.

Who should set the threshold
Where these tiers get drawn matters as much as the framework itself. Threshold setting is frequently handed to the vendor supplying the monitoring software or to a plant’s IT department, both of which understand the technology but not the specific tolerances of a given kiln, mill or line. Operations staff, who know that a particular grinding unit runs hotter under monsoon humidity or that a calciner behaves differently after a refractory reline, are better positioned to calibrate what counts as routine on their own equipment.
Handing threshold ownership to operations does not remove IT or vendors from the process, but it puts the calibration decision closest to the people who live with its consequences on the floor.

Signals that oversight is actually working
A few concrete indicators reveal whether a monitoring setup is functioning as intended or simply providing the appearance of safety. The escalation rate over time is the first: a rate that stays flat or climbs slowly as operations mature is healthy, while one that spikes and then falls sharply often means operators have started overriding the system rather than engaging with it. Time to resolution is the second: escalations that take progressively longer to close suggest fatigue or confusion about ownership, not diligence. The third, and most telling, is how accurate the system’s own uncertainty estimates turn out to be, meaning whether events flagged as high risk actually correlated with real incidents, and whether events waved through stayed incident free. A system whose escalations do not track with actual outcomes trains operators toward the same complacency that unmonitored equipment produces.
None of this argues against automation in Indian cement manufacturing, where a labor structure built on contract work and a track record of serious accidents make better monitoring an urgent need. It argues for treating human oversight as a design problem with three distinct settings, rather than a single
dial turned up whenever a plant wants to look safer on paper.

About the author:
Dijam Panigrahi, Co-founder and COO, GridRaster, is a spatial computing platform for industrial enterprises and manufacturers.

Concrete

The biggest gap arises from inconsistent leadership

Published

4 days ago

August 28, 2026

admin

Anuj Kumar Mathur, Safety Consultant, stresses on the importance of closing the enduring gap between what safety systems say on paper and what actually happens on the plant floor.

Robust safety manuals, certified PPE and digital monitoring systems mean little if the culture on the plant floor does not enforce them. Safety Consultant Anuj Kumar Mathur has spent enough time in high-risk operations to know precisely where that gap opens and why it persists. In this exclusive interaction, he suggests feasible ways to strengthen the safety culture at a manufacturing unit.

Having led safety across high-risk fuel operations, what lessons can the cement industry adopt to strengthen its safety culture beyond regulatory compliance?
Beyond regulatory compliance, the cement industry should embed visible leadership commitment, proactive risk assessment, process safety management, strong contractor control, near-miss learning, and employee engagement to build a resilient safety culture that prioritises prevention, operational discipline and continuous improvement over mere compliance.

As cement plants become increasingly automated and digitally connected, how should organisations redefine their approach to process safety and operational risk?
As cement plants become increasingly automated, organisations should integrate process safety with digital risk management by strengthening cybersecurity, real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, management of change and workforce competency to ensure safe, reliable and resilient operations.

What are the most common gaps between having robust safety systems on paper and achieving consistent safety performance on the ground?
The biggest gap arises from inconsistent leadership commitment on ground, weak safety culture, inadequate supervision, poor risk communication, insufficient workforce engagement specially, ineffective training and failure to translate procedures into disciplined execution, accountability and continuous monitoring at the operational level.

How can cement manufacturers better integrate contractor safety, leadership accountability and workforce behaviour to build a truly zero-harm workplace?
Manufacturers can achieve a zero-harm workplace by enforcing uniform safety standards for employees and contractors, strengthening leadership accountability, promoting proactive hazard reporting, enhancing competency through continuous training and fostering a culture where safe behaviour is recognised, expected and consistently practiced

What emerging technologies and safety practices do you believe will have the greatest impact on risk prevention in cement manufacturing over the next decade?
Artificial intelligence, IoT-enabled monitoring, predictive analytics, digital twins, wearable safety devices, drones, robotics and advanced process automation will significantly enhance hazard detection, predictive maintenance, real-time risk management, and worker protection, enabling safer and more resilient cement manufacturing.
IoT-enabled monitoring is the use of interconnected sensors and smart devices to continuously collect, transmit and analyse real-time data from equipment, processes and the work environment. This enables early detection of unsafe conditions, equipment failures, or abnormal operating parameters, allowing timely intervention before incidents occur.
In cement manufacturing, IoT-enabled monitoring can be used for:
• Monitoring kiln, crusher, and mill temperatures, pressures, and vibrations.
• Detecting overheating of bearings and motors to prevent failures.
• Monitoring dust concentration, gas leaks (CO, SO2, NOx), and oxygen levels.
• Tracking conveyor belt alignment and condition.
• Monitoring structural health of silos and
storage facilities.
• Tracking worker location and exposure to hazardous environments using wearable devices.
• Providing real-time alerts and predictive maintenance recommendations.

Benefits:
• Early hazard detection
• Reduced equipment downtime
• Improved process safety and reliability
• Lower maintenance costs
• Enhanced regulatory compliance
• Better decision-making through real-time data and analytics
In simple terms, IoT-enabled monitoring transforms periodic manual inspections into continuous, real-time surveillance of plant safety and equipment health.