Shreesh A Khadilkar, Consultant and Advisor, and Former Director Quality and Product Development, ACC Ltd Thane, discusses the importance of optimising the use of alternative fuel and raw materials (TSR percentage) in cement production without affecting clinker quality, in part one of this two-part series.

Over the past decade or so, the Indian cement industry has made significant progress in terms of improvement in energy efficiency and productivity. However, the use of alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) to replace coal for thermal energy needs, remains an area where the Indian cement industry is yet to catch up with global benchmarks. Though a few cement plants co-process large quantities and varieties of AFR in their kilns, and are reported to reach a level of around 40 per cent Thermal Substitution Rate (TSR), many plants are still at much lower levels of TSR percentage.
Most of the cement plants have now installed co-processing facilities or are on the verge of having one. Some of the plants also have pre-processing facilities, which could include shredding, segregation, impregnation, foreign body removal etc., while some others source a pre-processed solid AFR (RDF, MSW, Industrial waste sludges, agro wastes etc.).
This article shares important aspects such as assessment of clinker quality in plant clinker quality optimisation, influence of alkalis, chlorides and SO3, effects of some important minor constituents and subsequently discusses the concept for maximising AFR (TSR percentage) without affecting clinker quality through with or without use of XRD technique for in process control. The author further recommends bi-hourly quality and in process dashboard for consistent kiln performance and consistent clinker quality.

Assessment of Clinker Quality
The clinker quality assessment can best be done by Lab Ball Mill grinding of day average clinker with mineral gypsum (with SO3 of the lab ground cement targeted at 2.2 to 2.4 with fixed grinding time to achieve Blaine’s of around 300-320 M2/kg with the residue on 45 microns of the cement in range of 18 per cent to 20 per cent, at this fineness, the clinker is observed to clearly depict changes in clinker reactivity in terms of changes in 1 Day strengths of cements (± 3 to 5 MPa). At lower grinding Blaine’s (of around 250 M2/kg), which is presently being practiced by many cement plants, one does not observe the changes in clinker reactivity, as the difference of 1 Day compressive strengths is only ± 1 MPa, which does not show the changes in clinker reactivity.
Typically, clinkers with good reactivity are observed to show 1 Day strengths in lab ground cements of 30 to 35 MPa. Higher values being observed when clinker alkali sulphates are high (especially with Petcoke as fuel), the achieved Blaine’s and quantity of nibs removed from the lab ground cement, in the fixed grinding time is also indicative of clinker grindability. Judicious raw mix optimisation with existing or alternative corrective materials (with the fuel mix used by the plant) can be attempted so as to have a clinker with improved reactivity/hydraulic potential. In a running plant the approach has to be by attempting small gradual changes to clinker composition and assessing the impact of the changes, on kiln performance and clinker quantity.
The changes to be attempted could be indicated through data analysis.
In each plant, the QC and process has detailed analysis data of the day average clinkers along with its lab ground cement test results. It is also suggested to test at least one spot clinker per day for chemical parameters and physical tests of lab ground cement. From the analysis data it could be observed that on some days the lab ground cements show much higher strengths. Why on some days or in some spot clinkers, the clinker reactivity is suddenly very good? Such clinkers should be preserved and evaluated by XRD, so as to identify the optimum clinker composition which shows higher reactivity. Such an evaluation could also indicate at times the impact of changes in fuel / sources of coal / proportions of coal and Petcoke (even source of Petcoke) / solid AFR usage levels.
Typically, the target clinker composition to give a good hydraulic potential would be with LSF of 93 to 95 with a bogues potential C3S of >55 per cent clinker (especially with Petcoke as main fuel in fuel mix), with C3A (6.5 per cent to 8.5 per cent) if the clinker is used for PPC/PSC and also for OPC (especially if OPC is supplied to RMX customers) and SM 2.2 to 2.4 A/F 1.2 to 1.4. In plants where clinker MgO is higher (> 4.5 per cent), besides having the LSF target of around 93 to 95, the minimum clinker lime targeted should be such to have C/S ratio of 2.95 to 3.1 for having good clinker reactivity in spite of high clinker MgO.

Co-Processing of AFR (Liquid AFR /Solid AFR)
The properties of AF(R) co-processed in the calciner have an impact on environment, health and safety, plant operations and product quality as shown in Table 1:

• Alkalis without sulphidisation: Formation of orthorhombic C3A, fast setting
• Alkali sulphates (Na2SO4, K2SO4, 2CaSO4.K2SO4 or even Ca-langebnite): Increased early strength, usually shows decrease of later age strengths. Changes must be accounted for in gypsum optimisation
• Excess of sulphur over alkalis
• Integration of SO3 in C2S and/or formation of CaSO4
• Possible reduction of final strength could be observed
• Reduces the CaO availability for C3S formation
• The clinker could be harder to grand
• Changes the Clinker Liquid Characteristics which affects the phase formations
• Chlorides tend to be higher in AFR liquid/solid, the control on chlorides is necessary to prevent inlet/cyclone jamming and to have < 0.06 per cent in clinker, so that the OPC has <0.04 per cent chlorides and is suitable for
• RMC/structural concrete. To avoid problems of kiln inlet and cyclone jamming caused by SO3 and Cl. Preferably maintain the Hot Meal (2 Cl + SO3) < 3.5. The threshold value for a given plant needs to
  be assessed.

If the value goes above the plant threshold value, immediate actions of adding caustic soda for 2 to 3 shifts (in small polyethene bags) should be done to remove the depositions and avoid kiln stoppage.

Effects of some minor constituents on the clinker quality

Effects of ZnO

• Zinc in clinker nearly distributes evenly between the silicates ad matrix phases (with preference to ferrite), trigonal C3S and ß C2S is stabilised by zinc.
• Presence of zinc reduces the amount of aluminates in favour of alumino ferrite.
• Each 1 per cent zinc reduces aluminates by
  1 per cent and increases alumino-ferrites by
  2 per cent.
• Zinc is very effective flux and mineraliser, it lowers clinkerisation temperatures and accelerates lime combination. Knofel reports increased comp. strengths by up to 20 per cent and above at early ages.

Effects of TiO2

• The clinker TiO2 should be <0.7 per cent, it should be noted that TiO2 is a viscous flux like Al2O3 and so for understanding the clinker liquid property for good C3S formation and based on the kiln conditions adjust the clinker Fe2O3 contents accordingly.
• At higher TiO2, contents for improved kiln conditions the clinker Fe2O3 content needs to be much higher which is aggravated if clinker SO3 is higher (which also affects the viscosity of clinker liquid)
• At high total liquid the clinker becomes silica deficient and so free lime tends to be higher (with clinker balls with calcined un sintered material inside)
• In plants that use red mud especially with petcoke due to its higher alkalis, many sources of red muds also have TiO2, the plant should target Al2O3 + TiO2 as the viscous flux and then adjust the clinker Fe2O3 to get good kiln conditions as indicated above. Targeting higher liquid only increases the limestone LSF from mines and also affects clinker grindability.

Effects P2O5 sources

• Many types of agriculture waste, biowastes, phosphate sludge, paint sludges, medical waste, RDF/municipal solid waste, expired detergent, cow dung cakes, etc.
• Under Indian conditions of clinker phase composition, any increase of P2O5 contents can substantially affect clinker quality.
• When higher P2O5 are present, the dicalcium silicate (C2S) is stabilised and inhibits formation of alite (C3S) i.e can decrease the percentage of C3S although bogue may show high percentage C3S.
• When P2O5 present exceeds 0.4 per cent in the clinker it reduces the percentage of C3S by 10 per cent and 1 Day Comp. Strengths by around 5-6 MPa with negative effects on clinker reactivity and setting of cement.
• Use of wastes containing phosphates in controlled manner so that P2O5 in the clinker (maximum limit in clinker is 0.25 per cent) can enhance the use of agricultural waste or use of other wastes with P2O5. It may be noted that in some regions limestone and laterite also have shown P2O5 contents.
• In some plants up to 5 to 7 per cent TSR there is no impact observed on quality or productivity, however as the TSR/AFR percentage is increased say above >8 per cent to 10 per cent, the kiln conditions get frequently disturbed with a very high dust generation and there is a drop in clinker reactivity/quality.

In the plants a judicious study of process conditions and understanding the burnability of kiln feed could help achieve productivity without affecting the clinker quality with increased AFR/TSR.

In one of my consultancy visits to an integrated plant, similar observations as above were reported. In a brainstorming discussions with the plant process, production and QC teams, it was noted that:

• There was substantial variation in calciner outlet/kiln inlet material/C6 material temperature it fluctuated from around 920oC to as low as 860oC, these changes in temperatures nearly corresponded with the fluctuation in percentage of moisture and feed rate of solid AFR (SAFR), RDF and other solid wastes.
• The kiln torque decreased below the desired levels, when the calciner outlet and kiln inlet material temperatures (in this case C6 material temperatures) were less than 890oC and the kiln performance showed high dust recirculation/generation.
• The bi-hourly XRF analysis of clinker showed lower LSF/high free lime. The decrease in clinker LSF was understandable as the SAFR ash showed a higher percentage of ash.

It was decided to collect hot meal samples 900oC to 910oC and 920oC to 930oC and also corresponding clinker samples collected after 40 minutes of the sample collection time of hot meal samples. The hot meal samples were analysed for XRD and clinker samples for XRF (Chemical analysis with free lime) and XRD (for clinker phase formation).
The XRD analysis of hot meal samples is shown in Table 2.
The XRD analysis indicates that:

• The calcination percentage is much higher than the convention DOC of hot meal samples.
• The un-combined CaO decreases with increase in temperature of collected sample.
• The total belite increases with increase in temperature.

It was observed in the plant that when attempts were made to maintain the kiln inlet material temperature at 910oC to 920oC, the kiln torque showed an improvement and the kiln performance improved. The clinker quality showed improvements with lower free lime. However due to the fluctuations in ash percentage content of SAFR the clinker LSF showed lower values during the day. As a corrective action, lime sludge (available at the plant) was added on the SAFR conveyor. These corrective actions helped achieve a consistent improved clinker quality.

About the author:
With an MSc in Organic Chemistry from Jodhpur University (now JNV University), Shreesh Khadilkar joined ACC’s Organic Chemical Product Development Division in 1981 and later transitioned to the Cement R&D Division as a technical assistant. He took over as VP of R&D (Quality and Product Development Division) and retired as Director of the department in 2018, with over 37 years of experience in cement manufacturing and cements/cementitious products.

Dr SB Hegde, Professor, Jain College of Engineering and Technology, Hubli, and Visiting Professor, Pennsylvania State University, USA, helps us understand the red river formation in cement kiln operations, its causes, impacts and mitigation strategies.

Red river formation in cement kilns, where molten clinker flows uncontrollably in the cooler, is a costly problem for cement plants. The phenomenon not only affects clinker quality but also leads to significant operational disruptions, increased energy consumption and accelerated wear on kiln refractory bricks. Understanding the factors that cause red river formation and implementing strategies to prevent it are critical to maintaining operational efficiency and clinker quality.
This paper explores the causes of red river formation, the operational impacts it has on kiln performance, and the various mitigation strategies that cement plants can adopt. Additionally, safety considerations associated with the prevention and handling of red river formation are discussed, with practical insights from case studies of successful plant interventions in India and globally.

Causes of red river formation
Red river formation is primarily caused by improper kiln operations, including fluctuating kiln temperatures, oxygen levels, and cooler inefficiency. The following parameters are essential contributors:
Kiln temperature: Inconsistent temperature control in the kiln’s burning zone, often exceeding 1500°C, creates an imbalance between the solid and molten clinker phases, leading to red river formation. Maintaining temperatures within a more stable range of 1470-1490°C ensures that the clinker remains solid as it moves into the cooler.
Oxygen levels and CO concentrations: Oxygen levels above 2.5 per cent increase the risk of over-combustion, while elevated CO levels above 0.3 per cent indicate incomplete combustion, both contributing to excessive clinker melting. Optimising oxygen levels to 1.8-2.0 per cent minimises the risk.
Raw mix composition: The raw mix plays a vital role in clinker formation. A high liquid phase due to improper ratios of silica, alumina, and iron oxide can lead to excessive melting. Controlling the silica modulus (SM: 2.3-2.7) and alumina modulus (AM: 1.3-1.8) ensures a more stable clinker and reduces the risk of red river formation. If the raw mix is improperly proportioned, red river formation becomes more likely due to high fluxing compounds that melt at lower temperatures.
Kiln speed and torque: Kiln speeds that fluctuate below 3.4 rpm can cause material buildup, while kiln torque exceeding 50-60 per cent indicates stress that can lead to clinker instability.
Cooler efficiency: Inefficiencies in the clinker cooler, with efficiency levels below 78 per cent, can exacerbate red river formation. Clinker that is not cooled properly will remain molten for longer, allowing it to flow uncontrollably. Coolers should maintain exit temperatures between 180-200°C to prevent red river incidents.
Impact on clinker quality and kiln performance
The occurrence of red river has numerous negative impacts on both clinker quality and kiln performance:
Clinker quality: Red river formation results in poor clinker grindability, higher variability in free lime content and inconsistent cement properties. Poor clinker reactivity reduces both early and late strength development in the final cement product.
Increased heat consumption: Red river typically increases specific heat consumption by 3-5 per cent, resulting in higher fuel usage. These inefficiencies can significantly affect the plant’s cost structure, driving up operational expenses.
Refractory damage: The molten clinker accelerates the wear of refractory bricks in the kiln, especially in the burning zone and cooler transition areas. Brick life can decrease by 25-30 per cent, leading to more frequent replacements and higher maintenance costs.
Equipment and instrumentation damage: The uncontrolled molten flow of clinker during red river incidents can damage cooler plates, kiln discharge systems, and even temperature sensors and thermocouples, leading to costly repairs and prolonged downtime.

Mitigation strategies
Mitigating red river formation requires a multi-faceted approach combining operational optimisation, automation and staff training:
Kiln temperature control: Maintaining stable burning zone temperatures in the 1470-1490°C range is key to preventing excessive melting of clinker. Advanced temperature monitoring systems can help regulate temperature fluctuations.
Cooler efficiency optimisation: To ensure proper cooling, cooler efficiency must be maintained at 78-80 per cent, with clinker exit temperatures not exceeding 200°C. Real-time airflow adjustments in grate coolers improve cooling performance, solidifying the clinker at the appropriate stage.
Automation and data analytics: Advanced Process Control (APC) systems using data analytics can monitor critical kiln parameters—such as temperature, oxygen levels, and torque—in real-time, allowing for predictive maintenance and early intervention when red river signs appear. This technology has been implemented successfully in leading plants globally to prevent red river formation.

Indian case studies
Case Study 1: Cement Plant in South India – Optimisation of Kiln Parameters
A cement plant in South India faced recurrent red river issues due to high kiln temperatures and low cooler efficiency. After comprehensive process audits, the plant optimised its kiln temperature to 1480°C, reduced oxygen levels to 1.9 per cent, and upgraded its cooler to an efficiency of 80 per cent. These changes reduced red river incidents by 85 per cent, saving the plant Rs 10 million in energy costs annually and improving clinker quality by
15 per cent.

Case Study 2: Cement Plant in North India – Cooler Upgrade and Automation
A northern India plant increased cooler efficiency from 70 per cent to 78 per cent by installing an advanced grate cooler. This reduced clinker exit temperatures to 190°C, preventing red river formation. Automation systems provided real-time adjustments, decreasing the frequency of incidents by 75 per cent and saving `12 million annually.

Global Case Studies
Case Study 1: European Plant – Automation Success
A German cement plant, experiencing red river issues due to fluctuating oxygen levels, installed an advanced data-driven automation system. The system stabilised oxygen at 1.9 per cent and maintained kiln temperature at 1,475-1,485°C, reducing red river by 90 per cent. Clinker quality improved by 10 per cent, with a reduction in specific heat consumption by 4 per cent.

Case study 2: US Plant – Operator Training and Process Optimisation
A US cement plant reduced red river occurrences by 70 per cent through kiln speed optimisation (3.8 rpm) and comprehensive operator training. Improved monitoring of kiln torque and cooler exit temperatures led to higher cooler efficiency (75 per cent) and an annual savings of $2 million.

Safety Aspects
Safety is a paramount concern in red river incidents. When molten clinker flows uncontrollably, it poses a significant risk to personnel working near the kiln and cooler areas.

To mitigate these risks:

• Clearance zones: Kiln and cooler areas should have strict clearance zones for personnel when red river incidents are detected.
• Protective gear and training: Personnel should be equipped with proper protective equipment (PPEs) and trained to handle emergencies involving molten clinker. Emergency shutdown procedures should be well-documented and rehearsed.
• Automation and early warning systems: Automation can provide early warning systems that alert operators to potential red river formation before it becomes critical, ensuring safe intervention.

Conclusion
Red river formation remains a major operational challenge for cement plants, but it can be effectively mitigated through proper kiln temperature control, cooler efficiency optimisation and the use of advanced automation systems.
The case studies highlight the importance of process improvements and staff training in reducing red river occurrences, improving clinker quality, and lowering operational costs. Additionally, safety
measures must be prioritised to protect personnel from the risks posed by molten clinker. By incorporating these strategies, cement plants can ensure consistent kiln performance and enhanced operational efficiency.

References
1. Duda, W. H. (1985). Cement Data Book. International Process Engineering in the Cement Industry. Bauverlag GmbH.
2. Javed, I., & Sobolev, K. (2020). “Use of Automation in Modern Cement Plants.” Cement and Concrete Research, 130, 105967.
3. Tamilselvan, P., & Kumar, R. (2023). “Optimisation of Kiln and Cooler Systems in Indian Cement Plants.” Indian Cement Review, 34(7), 42-48.
4. Martin, L. (2019). “Case Studies of Red River Mitigation in European Cement Plants.” International Journal of Cement Production, 12(2), 63-78.
5. Schorr, H. (2021). “Advanced Process Control in Cement Manufacturing.” Cement International, 19(3), 30-37.
6. Singh, V. K., & Gupta, A. (2022). “Impact of Raw Mix on Clinker Formation and Kiln Operations.” Global Cement Magazine, 14(4), 22-29.

About the author: Dr SB Hegde brings over thirty years of leadership experience in the cement industry in India and internationally. He has published over 198 research papers and holds six patents, with four more filed in the USA in 2023. His advisory roles extend to multinational cement companies globally and a governmental Think Tank, contributing to research and policy. Recognised for his contributions, he received the ‘Global Visionary Award’ in 2020 from the Gujarat Chambers of Commerce and Industry.

Vimal Joshi, Assistant General Manager – Quality Control, Wonder Cement, discusses how use of SCMs reduces reliance on clinker while supporting circular economy, creating long-lasting, high-quality infrastructure.

What role do supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) play in enhancing the performance and sustainability of cement and concrete?
SCMs play a crucial role in enhancing both the performance and sustainability of cement and concrete. By replacing a portion of traditional Portland cement with materials like fly ash, slag and silica fume, we significantly improve the durability, strength and workability of concrete. SCMs react chemically with the calcium hydroxide released during hydration, forming additional calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), which enhances the concrete’s long-term strength.
Beyond performance, SCMs also contribute to sustainability by reducing the carbon footprint associated with cement production. By using industrial by-products as raw materials, we reduce the need for energy-intensive clinker production and divert waste from landfills, contributing to an eco-friendlier construction process.
SCMs not only improve the technical properties of cement but also support the broader goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting resource efficiency.

How has your company integrated SCMs into its production process, and what challenges have you encountered?
We have successfully integrated SCMs into our production process, making them a key component of our sustainability strategy. We incorporate fly ash, and Performance Improver Limestone to replace a portion of the clinker in our cement, thus lowering our carbon emissions and enhancing product performance. However, the integration of SCMs has presented some challenges, primarily in terms of supply consistency and quality control (such as high moisture content and presence of foreign material in coal fly ash). Since SCMs are industrial by-products, their availability and composition can vary, which requires rigorous quality checks and adjustments to the production process.
Another challenge is achieving the right balance in the cement mix to ensure optimal strength and durability while maximising SCM content. Despite these challenges, we remain committed to increasing the use of SCMs and have developed strong partnerships with suppliers to ensure a reliable and consistent supply of high-quality materials.
Apart from fly ash and performance improvers we are using iron sludge (0.3 per cent to 0.8 per cent) as a substitute for laterite and red mud (1 to 2 per cent) as a substitute for bauxite in the manufacture of clinker without compromising on quality. Both materials are by products of industries with low SiO2 and high R2O3 content (addition of oxides), which helps reduce additive consumption in the raw mix (conserving natural resources) and reduces LSF requirement in stock pile preparation and thus, helping in increasing the available limestone reserves (conservation of natural resources).
We are using chemical gypsum and bed ash gypsum as substitutes to mineral gypsum in cement grinding, both are by-products of the industries that have high purity, which helps in preserving the natural gypsum and also increases the strength of cement and concrete.

Can you share insights on how SCMs such as fly ash, slag, and silica fume impact the durability and strength of concrete in different environmental conditions?
SCMs like fly ash, slag and silica fume significantly enhance the durability and strength of concrete, particularly under diverse environmental conditions. Fly ash improves workability and extends the setting time, making it ideal for mass concrete projects and hot climates. The fine particles fill voids in the cement matrix, reducing permeability and enhancing resistance to sulphate and chloride attack, thus increasing durability. Slag, with its slow hydration properties, improves long-term strength and is particularly effective in reducing thermal cracking in massive concrete structures. It also enhances resistance to aggressive chemicals, making it suitable for marine environments and industrial applications.
Silica fume, known for its ultrafine particles, increases the density of concrete, boosting both compressive strength and durability, especially in harsh environments. By incorporating SCMs, we create concrete that is more resilient to environmental stressors, ensuring longer-lasting structures with reduced maintenance needs.

With the global push for sustainability, how do SCMs contribute to reducing the carbon footprint of cement production?
SCMs play a pivotal role in reducing the carbon footprint of cement production, aligning with the global drive for sustainability. By substituting a portion of clinker, the most energy-intensive component of cement, with SCMs like fly ash and slag, we lower CO2 emissions from the production process. Each tonne of clinker replaced by SCMs reduces the need for limestone calcination, a major source of carbon emissions. SCMs are often industrial by-products, so their use in cement also promotes waste recycling, contributing to the circular economy.
Furthermore, SCMs typically require less energy to process than clinker, resulting in lower overall energy consumption. This shift towards utilising SCMs supports our broader sustainability goals, helping Wonder Cement meet both regulatory requirements and industry benchmarks for environmental responsibility, while providing
high-quality cement products that meet modern construction needs.

What strategies or innovations has your company adopted to ensure a consistent and reliable supply of SCMs, given their reliance on industrial by-products?
To ensure a consistent and reliable supply of SCMs, Wonder Cement has adopted several strategies and innovations. First, we have established long-term partnerships with key industries, such as thermal power plants, to secure a steady supply of fly ash. This collaboration ensures that we can maintain the quality and availability of SCMs despite potential fluctuations in production volumes. Additionally, we have invested in logistics and storage infrastructure to manage the seasonal and location variability of SCMs, allowing us to store and distribute materials as needed.
Another innovation involves the diversification of SCM sources, exploring options like rice husk ash, silica fume, granulated slag, copper slag, steel slag, lead zinc slag and ground granulated blast furnace slag. We also engage in research and development to optimise the performance of SCMs, ensuring that even with variability, the final cement product consistently meets our quality standards. These strategies ensure that we can reliably integrate SCMs into our production process.

Are there specific projects where SCMs have delivered outstanding results in terms of performance or sustainability?
SCMs have delivered outstanding results in various projects undertaken by Wonder Cement, particularly in terms of performance and sustainability. One notable example is our use of SCMs in large infrastructure projects such as bridges, dams and highways, where durability and long-term performance are crucial.
The incorporation of fly ash and performance improvers in these projects has enhanced concrete’s resistance to cracking, sulphate attack and chloride-induced corrosion, ensuring structural longevity.
In terms of sustainability, SCMs have been integral to our low-carbon cement mixes, which have been used in green building projects aimed at reducing the overall environmental footprint. These eco-friendly cement products have not only met but exceeded performance expectations, while significantly cutting down on carbon emissions during production.
By utilising SCMs, we have successfully delivered projects that align with both performance standards and sustainability goals, providing long-lasting, high-quality infrastructure with reduced environmental impact.

How does the use of SCMs align with your company’s broader goals around circular economy and resource efficiency?
The use of SCMs at Wonder Cement aligns perfectly with our broader goals of promoting the circular economy and enhancing resource efficiency. SCMs are typically industrial by-products like fly ash from power plants and performance improver from our own mines, and by incorporating these materials into our cement production, we help close the resource loop. This approach reduces the need for virgin raw materials, lowers waste sent to landfills, and minimises the environmental footprint of our operations. It also enables us to reduce the clinker factor in cement, which is the most carbon-intensive component, thereby contributing to lower CO2 emissions.
Additionally, the use of SCMs extends the life cycle of concrete products, reducing the need for repairs and replacements. This aligns with our commitment to sustainable development, resource optimisation, and supporting the global transition towards more circular, low-waste industrial practices.

What future trends do you foresee in the use of SCMs within the cement industry?
The future of SCMs in the cement industry looks promising, with several key trends likely to shape their development. One trend is the increasing diversification of SCM sources, as industries explore new by-products like rice husk ash, volcanic ash and even recycled construction materials as viable alternatives to traditional fly ash and slag. Another development is the refinement of SCM processing technologies, allowing for more consistent quality and higher substitution rates of clinker without compromising cement performance.
As sustainability continues to drive innovation, we foresee a growing demand for low-carbon cement products, with SCMs playing a critical role in meeting regulatory and market expectations for green construction materials. Additionally, advancements in carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies could complement the use of SCMs, further reducing the carbon footprint of cement production.
Wonder Cement is keen to stay at the forefront of these trends, continuously evolving our use of SCMs to meet future industry demands.

– Kanika Mathur