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Economy & Market

Why CCUS Matters for Cement

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Paul Baruya, Director of Strategy and Sustainability, FutureCoal, suggests that the next decade will determine whether CCUS scales from demonstration to a mainstream pathway for net-zero cement.

Cement forms the essential foundation of modern infrastructure—homes, roads, ports, hospitals, wind turbine bases, and transmission pylons. It is also one of the most challenging industrial products to decarbonise at scale. That’s why carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS)—has shifted from a “nice to have” to a strategic necessity for many credible net-zero pathways.
Annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from cement are around 1.6 Gt worldwide and could more than double by 2050. To many, decarbonisation involves replacing fuels, but cement differs: a significant portion of its emissions comes from chemical processes rather than fuel combustion.
Cement’s climate footprint is significant. Global cement production totals around 4 billion tonnes per year, produced across more than 3,100 plants worldwide. At this scale, even relatively modest emissions intensity results in substantial absolute emissions. As a result, cement production is widely estimated to account for around 7–8 per cent of global CO2 emissions.
A key step in cement production is the creation of clinker, an intermediate product that is ground into cement. Clinker forms by heating limestone (calcium carbonate), which breaks down into lime (calcium oxide) and releases CO2. Even with a kiln powered entirely by zero-carbon electricity, the calcination process will still emit CO2.
FutrureCoal’s Sustainable Coal Stewardship explores solutions for fossil fuel users. For example, clinker substitution using coal fly ash can significantly reduce emissions; however, it cannot eliminate the chemical release of CO2. CCUS is one of the few mature options capable of substantially removing the remaining CO2.
The IPCC considers cement a “hard-to-abate” sector. In its Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), it states that CCS is crucial to eliminate calcination emissions, which account for 60 per cent of GHG emissions in modern cement plants (IPCC). Worldwide, CCUS will deliver two-thirds of cement sector emissions reductions by mid-century (CemNet+1).

Decarbonisation is not simple, there are four considerations:

  • Both energy use and chemistry drive emissions, where calcination is intrinsic to conventional clinker production (hence the IPCC’s emphasis on CCS).\
  • Kilns operate at high temperatures of 1,450°C; electrifying heat is theoretically possible but difficult to retrofit and expensive at today’s scale.
  • Plants are long-lived assets that last for decades; replacement cycles are slow, so retrofits and add-ons (such as CCS) become vital.
  • Cement is a low-margin bulk material. A slight cost increase per tonne matters in competitive markets—yet deep decarbonisation raises costs before policy and procurement catchup.

No single capture technology fits all plants, a variety is needed. These methods begin with proven post-combustion capture, then incorporate advanced, process-specific, and next-generation technologies as plants develop, energy systems decarbonise, and transport and storage infrastructure expand.

  • A mine-based post-combustion capture is the most advanced, already operating at a commercial scale. It captures CO2 from flue gases after combustion and calcination, making it suitable for retrofitting, but it is energy-intensive.
  • Oxyfuel combustion burns fuel in pure oxygen, producing a CO2-rich exhaust that is easier to capture, although it requires major modifications to the kiln and consumes significant energy for oxygen production.
  • Calcium looping leverages lime’s natural affinity for CO2, suitable for cement but complex and not widespread. Technologies like LEILAC capture CO2 during calcination with high purity and lower energy use, but they still require clean energy or additional methods to reach net zero.

Global cement demand is strongly connected to urbanisation, infrastructure development, and housing. Mature markets may plateau, while emerging markets can experience rapid growth.

India: A major decarbonisation opportunity
India is central to the global cement transition for three reasons: scale, growth trajectory, and the policy imperative to reconcile development with climate commitments.
The US Geological Survey (USGS) estimates India produced ~420 Mt in 2023 and ~450 Mt in 2024. That makes India one of the world’s largest producers, with continued capacity additions expected as infrastructure and housing demand grow.
Cement accounts for approximately 7–8 per cent of global CO2 emissions and around 5.8 per cent of India’s CO2 emissions in 2022, (GCCA). As India works toward its 2070 net-zero target, carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) will be an important component of its longer-term decarbonisation pathway.
India also highlights a broader reality: cement decarbonisation cannot rely on a single solution. Instead, it will require a combination of measures, likely including:

  • Lower clinker-to-cement ratios and supplementary cementitious materials,
  • Alternative fuels and efficiency,
  • For deep abatement, carbon capture for the remaining process emissions.

Challenges for CCS in cement
Carbon capture at cement plants is technically feasible, but still faces significant practical and economic challenges:
A challenging gas stream: Cement flue gas contains CO2 along with impurities and exhibits variable flow and temperature conditions. Capture units (amines, membranes, calcium looping, oxyfuel, etc.) need to be integrated carefully to avoid disrupting kiln operations.
Energy penalty and heat management: Many capture systems require significant energy, such as steam for solvent regeneration. Providing that energy without merely shifting emissions elsewhere is a design challenge; it encourages plants to research and develop low-energy solutions, waste heat recovery, blending low-carbon fuels, or all of the above.
Space constraints and retrofit limitations: Older plants may lack the physical footprint for large-scale capture equipment, compression, liquefaction, and CO2-handling infrastructure—especially in land-constrained industrial clusters.
Transport and storage are not “at the factory gate”: Even if capture is successful, you still need pipelines, shipping terminals, injection wells, permits, monitoring, and long-term liability frameworks. Cement CCS progresses most quickly where shared CO2 infrastructure is in place.
This is why projects increasingly cluster around hubs and why policy support and shared infrastructure are often the difference between pilot and commercial deployment.

Examples of the latest carbon capture on cement plants
A few projects demonstrate where the sector currently stands, progressing from pilots and studies into first-wave industrial deployment.
Brevik CCS (Norway): Heidelberg Materials inaugurated Brevik CCS in mid-2025, described as the world’s first industrial-scale CCS facility in the cement industry, designed to capture ~0.4 Mt CO2per year (Heidelberg Materials). CO2 will be shipped to Norway’s Northern Lights storage facility and the capture volume will equal half the plant’s total emissions at full capture (Reuters). Brevik is a blueprint to demonstrate end-to-end integration from capture to storage.
Padeswood (UK): Heidelberg’s cement plant at Padeswood has its CCS project construction slated to start in 2025 and net-zero cement production targeted for 2029 (Reuters). This underscores how public funding and CO2 infrastructure (Liverpool Bay storage) can unlock investment timelines.
LEILAC (Belgium): The EU-supported LEILAC project at Heidelberg Materials’ Lixhe cement plant in Belgium is testing a novel approach that targets process emissions rather than combustion emissions. The pilot facility is designed to capture approximately 18,000 tonnes of CO2 per year, with the follow-on LEILAC-2 phase exploring pathways to scale the technology toward commercial deployment (CINEA).
North America: In the United States, Holcim’s Ste. Genevieve cement plant has completed a front-end engineering and design (FEED) study assessing commercial-scale carbon capture, targeting up to 95 per cent of total CO2 emissions using an Air Liquide capture technology (OSTI). While not every FEED study progresses to a final investment decision, these projects provide important insight into where cement-sector carbon capture could realistically be heading.
India is exploring multiple technical approaches instead of a single solution. The country’s strategy involves government-backed testbeds to reduce risks in real-world plant conditions and industry roadmaps that show CCS/CCUS is essential for deep emission cuts. The Indian government is establishing five CCU testbeds in the cement industry through a public–private partnership (ETInfra.com+1). It focuses on hubs and storage options as enabling infrastructure to develop at scale (GCCA). India has launched a first-of-its-kind cluster of five CCU testbeds for the cement sector, organised as academia–industry pilots under a PPP model (ETInfra.com+1) including:

  • A pilot that captures CO2 via oxygen-enhanced calcination and converts it into lightweight concrete blocks and olefins (Ballabhgarh, Haryana, with JK Cement / NCCBM), and
  • A demonstration of carbon-negative mineralisation that locks CO2 into solid minerals (IIT Kanpur + JSW Cement) (ETInfra.com)
    These testbeds aim to show the real-world performance of capture and utilisation options—capture rates, product quality, energy needs, operability, and integration with kiln systems—before scaling up to full commercial units.

Why the “hubs + storage” framing matters for India? Capture at plant level is only part of the solution: meaningful scale also relies on gas transport, permanent storage, and the development of CO2 hubs (Clean Energy Ministerial+1). This hub approach is particularly relevant because it can:

  • Reduce unit costs through shared compression/transport infrastructure,
  • Concentrate on early projects where storage/transport is most feasible, and
  • Give financiers confidence that captured CO2 has a viable end-point (storage or durable utilisation) rather than becoming stranded.

The bottom line
Cement is a foundational material with a fundamental climate challenge: process emissions that cannot be eliminated through clean energy alone. The IPCC is clear that, absent a near-term replacement of Portland cement chemistry, CCS is essential to address the majority of clinker-related emissions. With global cement production at around 4 gigatonnes (Gt) and still growing, cement decarbonisation is not a niche undertaking, it is a large-scale industrial transition.
The emergence of operational projects such as Brevik, the expansion of hub-linked initiatives across Europe, and a growing pipeline of pilots and front-end engineering studies indicate that the sector is beginning to move from ambition to execution. The coming decade will be decisive in determining whether CCS remains a premium, limited pathway, or becomes a mainstream industrial standard for delivering net-zero cement.

About the author:
Paul Baruya, Director of Strategy and Sustainability, FutureCoal, is a strategy and sustainability leader shaping FutureCoal’s vision for the role of coal in a net-zero future, bringing deep expertise in energy markets, emissions modelling, and transition pathways.

Economy & Market

Smart Pumping for Rock Blasting

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SEEPEX introduces BN pumps with Smart Joint Access (SJA) to improve efficiency, reliability, and inspection speed in demanding rock blasting operations.
Designed for abrasive and chemical media, the solution supports precise dosing, reduced downtime, and enhanced operational safety.

SEEPEX has introduced BN pumps with Smart Joint Access (SJA), engineered for the reliable and precise transfer of abrasive, corrosive, and chemical media in mining and construction. Designed for rock blasting, the pump features a large inspection opening for quick joint checks, a compact footprint for mobile or skid-mounted installations, and flexible drive and material options for consistent performance and uptime.

“Operators can inspect joints quickly and rely on precise pumping of shear-sensitive and abrasive emulsions,” said Magalie Levray, Global Business Development Manager Mining at SEEPEX. “This is particularly critical in rock blasting, where every borehole counts for productivity.” Industry Context

Rock blasting is essential for extracting hard rock and shaping safe excavation profiles in mining and construction. Accurate and consistent loading of explosive emulsions ensures controlled fragmentation, protects personnel, and maximizes productivity. Even minor deviations in pumping can cause delays or reduce product quality. BN pumps with SJA support routine maintenance and pre-operation checks by allowing fast verification of joint integrity, enabling more efficient operations.

Always Inspection Ready

Smart Joint Access is designed for inspection-friendly operations. The large inspection opening in the suction housing provides direct access to both joints, enabling rapid pre-operation checks while maintaining high operational reliability. Technicians can assess joint condition quickly, supporting continuous, reliable operation.

Key Features

  • Compact Footprint: Fits truck-mounted mobile units, skid-mounted systems, and factory installations.
  • Flexible Drive Options: Compact hydraulic drive or electric drive configurations.
  • Hydraulic Efficiency: Low-displacement design reduces oil requirements and supports low total cost of ownership.
  • Equal Wall Stator Design: Ensures high-pressure performance in a compact footprint.
  • Material Flexibility: Stainless steel or steel housings, chrome-plated rotors, and stators in NBR, EPDM, or FKM.

Operators benefit from shorter inspection cycles, reliable dosing, seamless integration, and fast delivery through framework agreements, helping to maintain uptime in critical rock blasting processes.

Applications – Optimized for Rock Blasting

BN pumps with SJA are designed for mining, tunneling, quarrying, civil works, dam construction, and other sectors requiring precise handling of abrasive or chemical media. They provide robust performance while enabling fast, reliable inspection and maintenance.With SJA, operators can quickly access both joints without disassembly, ensuring emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently. This reduces downtime, preserves product integrity, and supports uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.

With the Smart Joint Access inspection opening, operators can quickly access and assess the condition of both joints without disassembly, enabling immediate verification of pump readiness prior to blast hole loading. This allows operators to confirm that emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently, protecting personnel, minimizing product degradation, and maintaining uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.

The combination of equal wall stator design, compact integration, flexible drives, and progressive cavity pump technology ensures continuous, reliable operation even in space-limited, high-pressure environments.

From Inspection to Operation

A leading explosives provider implemented BN pumps with SJA in open pit and underground operations. By replacing legacy pumps, inspection cycles were significantly shortened, allowing crews to complete pre-operation checks and return mobile units to productive work faster. Direct joint access through SJA enabled immediate verification, consistent emulsion dosing, and reduced downtime caused by joint-related deviations.

“The inspection opening gives immediate confidence that each joint is secure before proceeding to bore holes,” said a site technician. “It allows us to act quickly, keeping blasting schedules on track.”

Framework agreements ensured rapid pump supply and minimal downtime, supporting multi-site operations across continents

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Concrete

Refractory demands in our kiln have changed

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Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, points out why performance, predictability and life-cycle value now matter more than routine replacement in cement kilns.

As Indian cement plants push for higher throughput, increased alternative fuel usage and tighter shutdown cycles, refractory performance in kilns and pyro-processing systems is under growing pressure. In this interview, Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, shares how refractory demands have evolved on the ground and how smarter digital monitoring is improving kiln stability, uptime and clinker quality.

How have refractory demands changed in your kiln and pyro-processing line over the last five years?
Over the last five years, refractory demands in our kiln and pyro line have changed. Earlier, the focus was mostly on standard grades and routine shutdown-based replacement. But now, because of higher production loads, more alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) usage and greater temperature variation, the expectation from refractory has increased.
In our own case, the current kiln refractory has already completed around 1.5 years, which itself shows how much more we now rely on materials that can handle thermal shock, alkali attack and coating fluctuations. We have moved towards more stable, high-performance linings so that we don’t have to enter the kiln frequently for repairs.
Overall, the shift has been from just ‘installation and run’ to selecting refractories that give longer life, better coating behaviour and more predictable performance under tougher operating conditions.

What are the biggest refractory challenges in the preheater, calciner and cooler zones?
• Preheater: Coating instability, chloride/sulphur cycles and brick erosion.
• Calciner: AFR firing, thermal shock and alkali infiltration.
• Cooler: Severe abrasion, red-river formation and mechanical stress on linings.
Overall, the biggest challenge is maintaining lining stability under highly variable operating conditions.

How do you evaluate and select refractory partners for long-term performance?
In real plant conditions, we don’t select a refractory partner just by looking at price. First, we see their past performance in similar kilns and whether their material has actually survived our operating conditions. We also check how strong their technical support is during shutdowns, because installation quality matters as much as the material itself.
Another key point is how quickly they respond during breakdowns or hot spots. A good partner should be available on short notice. We also look at their failure analysis capability, whether they can explain why a lining failed and suggest improvements.
On top of this, we review the life they delivered in the last few campaigns, their supply reliability and their willingness to offer plant-specific custom solutions instead of generic grades. Only a partner who supports us throughout the life cycle, which includes selection, installation, monitoring and post-failure analysis, fits our long-term requirement.

Can you share a recent example where better refractory selection improved uptime or clinker quality?
Recently, we upgraded to a high-abrasion basic brick at the kiln outlet. Earlier we had frequent chipping and coating loss. With the new lining, thermal stability improved and the coating became much more stable. As a result, our shutdown interval increased and clinker quality remained more consistent. It had a direct impact on our uptime.

How is increased AFR use affecting refractory behaviour?
Increased AFR use is definitely putting more stress on the refractory. The biggest issue we see daily is the rise in chlorine, alkalis and volatiles, which directly attack the lining, especially in the calciner and kiln inlet. AFR firing is also not as stable as conventional fuel, so we face frequent temperature fluctuations, which cause more thermal shock and small cracks in the lining.
Another real problem is coating instability. Some days the coating builds too fast, other days it suddenly drops, and both conditions impact refractory life. We also notice more dust circulation and buildup inside the calciner whenever the AFR mix changes, which again increases erosion.
Because of these practical issues, we have started relying more on alkali-resistant, low-porosity and better thermal shock–resistant materials to handle the additional stress coming from AFR.

What role does digital monitoring or thermal profiling play in your refractory strategy?
Digital tools like kiln shell scanners, IR imaging and thermal profiling help us detect weakening areas much earlier. This reduces unplanned shutdowns, helps identify hotspots accurately and allows us to replace only the critical sections. Overall, our maintenance has shifted from reactive to predictive, improving lining life significantly.

How do you balance cost, durability and installation speed during refractory shutdowns?
We focus on three points:
• Material quality that suits our thermal profile and chemistry.
• Installation speed, in fast turnarounds, we prefer monolithic.
• Life-cycle cost—the cheapest material is not the most economical. We look at durability, future downtime and total cost of ownership.
This balance ensures reliable performance without unnecessary expenditure.

What refractory or pyro-processing innovations could transform Indian cement operations?
Some promising developments include:
• High-performance, low-porosity and nano-bonded refractories
• Precast modular linings to drastically reduce shutdown time
• AI-driven kiln thermal analytics
• Advanced coating management solutions
• More AFR-compatible refractory mixes

These innovations can significantly improve kiln stability, efficiency and maintenance planning across the industry.

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Concrete

Digital supply chain visibility is critical

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MSR Kali Prasad, Chief Digital and Information Officer, Shree Cement, discusses how data, discipline and scale are turning Industry 4.0 into everyday business reality.

Over the past five years, digitalisation in Indian cement manufacturing has moved decisively beyond experimentation. Today, it is a strategic lever for cost control, operational resilience and sustainability. In this interview, MSR Kali Prasad, Chief Digital and Information Officer, Shree Cement, explains how integrated digital foundations, advanced analytics and real-time visibility are helping deliver measurable business outcomes.

How has digitalisation moved from pilot projects to core strategy in Indian cement manufacturing over the past five years?
Digitalisation in Indian cement has evolved from isolated pilot initiatives into a core business strategy because outcomes are now measurable, repeatable and scalable. The key shift has been the move away from standalone solutions toward an integrated digital foundation built on standardised processes, governed data and enterprise platforms that can be deployed consistently across plants and functions.
At Shree Cement, this transition has been very pragmatic. The early phase focused on visibility through dashboards, reporting, and digitisation of critical workflows. Over time, this has progressed into enterprise-level analytics and decision support across manufacturing and the supply chain,
with clear outcomes in cost optimisation, margin protection and revenue improvement through enhanced customer experience.
Equally important, digital is no longer the responsibility of a single function. It is embedded into day-to-day operations across planning, production, maintenance, despatch and customer servicing, supported by enterprise systems, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) data platforms, and a structured approach to change management.

Which digital interventions are delivering the highest ROI across mining, production and logistics today?
In a capital- and cost-intensive sector like cement, the highest returns come from digital interventions that directly reduce unit costs or unlock latent capacity without significant capex.
Supply chain and planning (advanced analytics): Tools for demand forecasting, S&OP, network optimisation and scheduling deliver strong returns by lowering logistics costs, improving service levels, and aligning production with demand in a fragmented and regionally diverse market.
Mining (fleet and productivity analytics): Data-led mine planning, fleet analytics, despatch discipline, and idle-time reduction improve fuel efficiency and equipment utilisation, generating meaningful savings in a cost-heavy operation.
Manufacturing (APC and process analytics): Advanced Process Control, mill optimisation, and variability reduction improve thermal and electrical efficiency, stabilise quality and reduce rework and unplanned stoppages.
Customer experience and revenue enablement (digital platforms): Dealer and retailer apps, order visibility and digitally enabled technical services improve ease of doing business and responsiveness. We are also empowering channel partners with transparent, real-time information on schemes, including eligibility, utilisation status and actionable recommendations, which improves channel satisfaction and market execution while supporting revenue growth.
Overall, while Artificial Intelligence (AI) and IIoT are powerful enablers, it is advanced analytics anchored in strong processes that typically delivers the fastest and most reliable ROI.

How is real-time data helping plants shift from reactive maintenance to predictive and prescriptive operations?
Real-time and near real-time data is driving a more proactive and disciplined maintenance culture, beginning with visibility and progressively moving toward prediction and prescription.
At Shree Cement, we have implemented a robust SAP Plant Maintenance framework to standardise maintenance workflows. This is complemented by IIoT-driven condition monitoring, ensuring consistent capture of equipment health indicators such as vibration, temperature, load, operating patterns and alarms.
Real-time visibility enables early detection of abnormal conditions, allowing teams to intervene before failures occur. As data quality improves and failure histories become structured, predictive models can anticipate likely failure modes and recommend timely interventions, improving MTBF and reducing downtime. Over time, these insights will evolve into prescriptive actions, including spares readiness, maintenance scheduling, and operating parameter adjustments, enabling reliability optimisation with minimal disruption.
A critical success factor is adoption. Predictive insights deliver value only when they are embedded into daily workflows, roles and accountability structures. Without this, they remain insights without action.

In a cost-sensitive market like India, how do cement companies balance digital investment with price competitiveness?
In India’s intensely competitive cement market, digital investments must be tightly linked to tangible business outcomes, particularly cost reduction, service improvement, and faster decision-making.
This balance is achieved by prioritising high-impact use cases such as planning efficiency, logistics optimisation, asset reliability, and process stability, all of which typically deliver quick payback. Equally important is building scalable and governed digital foundations that reduce the marginal cost of rolling out new use cases across plants.
Digitally enabled order management, live despatch visibility, and channel partner platforms also improve customer centricity while controlling cost-to-serve, allowing service levels to improve without proportionate increases in headcount or overheads.
In essence, the most effective digital investments do not add cost. They protect margins by reducing variability, improving planning accuracy, and strengthening execution discipline.

How is digitalisation enabling measurable reductions in energy consumption, emissions, and overall carbon footprint?
Digitalisation plays a pivotal role in improving energy efficiency, reducing emissions and lowering overall carbon intensity.
Real-time monitoring and analytics enable near real-time tracking of energy consumption and critical operating parameters, allowing inefficiencies to be identified quickly and corrective actions to be implemented. Centralised data consolidation across plants enables benchmarking, accelerates best-practice adoption, and drives consistent improvements in energy performance.
Improved asset reliability through predictive maintenance reduces unplanned downtime and process instability, directly lowering energy losses. Digital platforms also support more effective planning and control of renewable energy sources and waste heat recovery systems, reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
Most importantly, digitalisation enables sustainability progress to be tracked with greater accuracy and consistency, supporting long-term ESG commitments.

What role does digital supply chain visibility play in managing demand volatility and regional market dynamics in India?
Digital supply chain visibility is critical in India, where demand is highly regional, seasonality is pronounced, and logistics constraints can shift rapidly.
At Shree Cement, planning operates across multiple horizons. Annual planning focuses on capacity, network footprint and medium-term demand. Monthly S&OP aligns demand, production and logistics, while daily scheduling drives execution-level decisions on despatch, sourcing and prioritisation.
As digital maturity increases, this structure is being augmented by central command-and-control capabilities that manage exceptions such as plant constraints, demand spikes, route disruptions and order prioritisation. Planning is also shifting from aggregated averages to granular, cost-to-serve and exception-based decision-making, improving responsiveness, lowering logistics costs and strengthening service reliability.

How prepared is the current workforce for Industry 4.0, and what reskilling strategies are proving most effective?
Workforce preparedness for Industry 4.0 is improving, though the primary challenge lies in scaling capabilities consistently across diverse roles.
The most effective approach is to define capability requirements by role and tailor enablement accordingly. Senior leadership focuses on digital literacy for governance, investment prioritisation, and value tracking. Middle management is enabled to use analytics for execution discipline and adoption. Frontline sales and service teams benefit from
mobile-first tools and KPI-driven workflows, while shop-floor and plant teams focus on data-driven operations, APC usage, maintenance discipline, safety and quality routines.
Personalised, role-based learning paths, supported by on-ground champions and a clear articulation of practical benefits, drive adoption far more effectively than generic training programmes.

Which emerging digital technologies will fundamentally reshape cement manufacturing in the next decade?
AI and GenAI are expected to have the most significant impact, particularly when combined with connected operations and disciplined processes.
Key technologies likely to reshape the sector include GenAI and agentic AI for faster root-cause analysis, knowledge access, and standardisation of best practices; industrial foundation models that learn patterns across large sensor datasets; digital twins that allow simulation of process changes before implementation; and increasingly autonomous control systems that integrate sensors, AI, and APC to maintain stability with minimal manual intervention.
Over time, this will enable more centralised monitoring and management of plant operations, supported by strong processes, training and capability-building.

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