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A Strategic Asset for the Future

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As decarbonisation reshapes cement manufacturing, refractory systems have become pivotal to both operational resilience and future-ready kiln design. Professor Procyon Mukherjee explains how their evolution now defines the limits and possibilities of the industry’s transformation.

Refractory materials and pyro-processing remain the beating heart of cement manufacture. As attention shifts from incremental efficiency gains to decarbonisation and resilience, refractories and kiln-system technologies are both constraint and opportunity: they determine how fast plants can adopt alternative fuels, electrified heat, oxy-fuel systems or CCS, and they often account for a material portion of operating cost, downtime risk and capital renewal. In this article, I have tried to synthesise market signals, emerging technologies, green pathways, supplier developments and the cost outlook you need to brief for designing strategic investments for the cement industry in particular.

Demand drivers and industry structure
The global refractories market — of which cement is a major end-use alongside steel and glass — is large and growing, driven by construction activity in APAC, replacement demand (wear and corrosion), and investments related to kiln retrofits and decarbonisation projects. Recent market analyses place the refractories industry value in the multiple tens of billions of dollars and forecast steady mid-single-digit growth over the coming decade, with Asia (especially China and India) accounting for the largest regional share.
Market structure is oligopolistic at the high end. A handful of global players (RHI Magnesita, Vesuvius, Calderys/Imerys, Saint-Gobain, Krosaki Harima, Morgan Advanced Materials, etc.) supply engineered refractories, backed by regional and specialist vendors that dominate lower-cost or commodity segments. Mergers and vertical integration around alumina/magnesia feedstocks are active themes as refractory firms seek to secure raw-material supply and control quality and costs. A recent example is RHI Magnesita’s strategic acquisition of the U.S. alumina producer Resco, aimed at supply-chain security for alumina-based refractories. Most strategic sourcing models are moving to long term partnerships, which could extend to service models as well.

From the purchaser’s side, refractory selection is now evaluated not only against thermal and chemical resilience but on a broader life-cycle basis: uptime impact, ability to tolerate alternative fuels (biomass, waste-derived fuels, SRF/plastics), compatibility with oxy-fuel or electrified heat, and the ease of condition monitoring and targeted repairs. Key technical drivers include:

  • Resistance to alkali attack and melt penetration under high-chloride / high-alkali fuels.
  • Thermal shock tolerance as preheater/cooler cycling increases with flexible operation.
  • Low thermal conductivity with structural strength to reduce heat losses.
  • Compatibility with sensor embedding and digital monitoring to enable predictive maintenance.

These needs are changing refractory specifications — and therefore supplier offerings — quickly.

Emerging technologies
Several material and process innovations are maturing that directly affect kiln reliability and total cost of ownership:
1. Advanced engineered monolithics and castables: Improved bonding chemistries, nano-modifiers, and lower alkali reactivity variants lengthen campaign life and reduce patch repairs. These allow quicker repairs and less kiln downtime.
2. 3D printing and prefabricated brick assemblies: Additive manufacturing of complex refractory shapes (for riser ducts, burner blocks, throat areas) enables bespoke geometries and faster onsite installation with better dimensional control where space/access is constrained.
3. Sensorised refractories and embedded monitoring: Thermocouples, acoustic emission sensors
and distributed fibre-optic temperature measurement are being embedded to give real-time maps of lining health. These digital twins enable condition-based maintenance rather than calendar-based shutdowns.
4. Hybrid lining systems: Combining high-performance bricks in the hot face with insulating monolithics behind them to optimise performance vs cost.
Publications and industry trials in 2023–25 show pilot uptake of these technologies; embedding sensors and using predictive analytics is particularly impactful for reducing unplanned outages.

Pyro-processing trends
Decarbonisation is reshaping kiln-system choices more than any other factor this decade:

  • Fuel flexibility and waste fuels: Plants are accepting higher shares of SRF, biomass and RDF. These fuels introduce chemical aggressors (chlorides, alkalis) that stress refractories and increase corrosion; refractory chemistry and cooling strategies must adapt.
  • Electrification and high-temperature electricity: Technologies ranging from electrified calciners to resistive or induction heating for preheaters are under review. Recent reviews highlight electrified process heat and electrochemical routes as credible pathways, especially where grid decarbonisation is advanced.
  • Oxy-fuel combustion and CCS readiness: Oxy-fuel retrofits enable easier CO2 capture but change the thermal and chemical environment in the preheater and kiln. Some pilot CCS projects in Europe, linked to cement plants and clustered transport/storage (e.g., projects coordinated out of Norway), are already operational or scaling. Cement companies with aggressive Net Zero targets are factoring refractory compatibility into their CCS roadmaps.
  • Hydrogen and power-to-X: Hydrogen co-firing trials have started at modest scales; hydrogen changes flame temperature profiles and may accelerate certain refractory degradation modes if not managed.
    From an engineering standpoint, conversion choices are constrained by refractory life: a kiln that can’t tolerate the chemical profile from high biomass firing, or the different flue-gas composition from oxy-fuel, will force expensive lining redesigns.

Green initiatives
Sustainability actions in cement are not solely about CO2 numbers; they alter operating envelopes:

  • Clinker substitution: LC3 and blended cements reduce kiln duty and thermal load per tonne of cement, indirectly lowering refractory wear rates per unit of cement produced. LC3 deployment at scale (notably in India and other markets) is beginning to change clinker demand profiles and feedstock strategies.
  • Energy efficiency upgrades: Improved preheaters/coolers and waste heat recovery change temperature gradients and gas flows; refractories must be specified for the new steady-state and transient regimes.
  • Circularity in refractory materials: Recycling of spent refractories (where feasible) and substitution with lower embodied carbon raw materials (e.g., using locally sourced calcined clays or tailored industrial by-products) are receiving attention in R&D and supplier pilot programs.
  • Carbon capture deployment: As CCS is pilot-scaled, refractory selection increasingly considers compatibility with capture solvents and altered flue-gas chemistries.

New suppliers and supply-chain resilience
While the well-known global refractory houses dominate engineered solutions, the landscape sees three simultaneous moves:
1. Vertical integration by majors: Acquisitions of alumina producers and feedstock businesses (e.g., RHI Magnesita’s purchase moves) to secure quality and reduce volatility.
2. Regional challengers and Chinese manufacturers: Lower-cost suppliers are increasing capacity and technical capability; large cement groups in Asia often source locally, pressuring pricing and forcing global suppliers to differentiate on performance, warranties and service.
3. Specialist technology start-ups: Firms focusing on 3D-printing of refractory shapes, sensor embedding or novel binder chemistries are becoming acquisition targets for established players.
For procurement teams, this means re-assessing TCO: supplier choice is now as much about data services, installation competence, and lifecycle guarantees as it is about price per ton of bricks.

Where are costs headed?
Costs for refractory systems will be driven by four linked forces:
1. Raw-material price pressure: Prices of magnesia, bauxite/alumina and specialty clays move with energy, mining constraints and geopolitical supply; vertical integrations indicate producers expect sustained volatility.
2. Capex for decarbonisation: Retrofits for oxy-fuel, electrification, CCS readiness, and hydrogen blending often require modified kiln internals and more frequent, higher-quality linings; these add upfront cost but can lower total emissions and long-term operating risk.
3. Service and digital premiums: Sensorised systems, data analytics and condition-based maintenance contracts add cost but lower unplanned downtime and extend campaign life — often commercially attractive for large plants.
4. Regional divergence: Costs will diverge geographically. Plants in jurisdictions with strong carbon pricing, subsidies for CCS, or higher electricity costs will see different economics than plants in low-cost coal regions. Market reports forecast moderate refractory price inflation overall, but with pockets of higher increase tied to feedstock bottlenecks and decarbonisation capex.

Practical recommendations for senior engineers and CMOs and CPOs:
1. Embed refractory strategy in decarbonisation planning: Any decision to scale biomass, oxy-fuel, hydrogen or CCS must have a refractory impact assessment and budget for both material and installation adaptations.
2. Specify for monitorability: Require suppliers to support embedded sensors and data interfaces; insist on warranties that link lining life to clearly defined operating envelopes.
3. Partner on trials: Work with one global and one regional supplier on co-funded trials for 3D-printed shapes, new monolithic mixes, or sensorised linings — accelerate learning before full retrofit.
4. Stress test supply chains: Given recent upstream consolidation, model raw-material failure modes and engage in off-take agreements or joint-stock buffering where alumina or magnesia supplies are strategic.
5. Financially model TCO, not unit price: Factor in longer campaign life, reduced outage probability, and digital services when comparing quotes.

Conclusion
Refractories and pyro-processing are no longer ‘just materials.’ They are strategic assets that determine whether a cement plant can safely and economically transition to lower-carbon fuels and new heat sources. The coming decade will be shaped by a mixture of material science advances (3D printing, sensorised linings, hybrid systems), operational technologies (electrified heat, oxy-fuel, CCS), and shifting supplier dynamics (vertical integration and new entrants). Senior engineers must therefore treat refractory strategy as a cross-functional lever — part of the decarbonisation, reliability and procurement playbook — and design decisions with total cost, not short-term price, at the fore.

About the author:
Professor Procyon Mukherjee, ex-CPO Lafarge-Holcim India, ex-President Hindalco, ex-VP Supply Chain Novelis Europe, holds deep expertise in logistics, procurement, operations and supply chain management. An author and academic, he now teaches at leading institutions and advises global firms on SCM, industrial leadership, and the aluminum and cement sectors.

Economy & Market

Smart Pumping for Rock Blasting

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SEEPEX introduces BN pumps with Smart Joint Access (SJA) to improve efficiency, reliability, and inspection speed in demanding rock blasting operations.
Designed for abrasive and chemical media, the solution supports precise dosing, reduced downtime, and enhanced operational safety.

SEEPEX has introduced BN pumps with Smart Joint Access (SJA), engineered for the reliable and precise transfer of abrasive, corrosive, and chemical media in mining and construction. Designed for rock blasting, the pump features a large inspection opening for quick joint checks, a compact footprint for mobile or skid-mounted installations, and flexible drive and material options for consistent performance and uptime.

“Operators can inspect joints quickly and rely on precise pumping of shear-sensitive and abrasive emulsions,” said Magalie Levray, Global Business Development Manager Mining at SEEPEX. “This is particularly critical in rock blasting, where every borehole counts for productivity.” Industry Context

Rock blasting is essential for extracting hard rock and shaping safe excavation profiles in mining and construction. Accurate and consistent loading of explosive emulsions ensures controlled fragmentation, protects personnel, and maximizes productivity. Even minor deviations in pumping can cause delays or reduce product quality. BN pumps with SJA support routine maintenance and pre-operation checks by allowing fast verification of joint integrity, enabling more efficient operations.

Always Inspection Ready

Smart Joint Access is designed for inspection-friendly operations. The large inspection opening in the suction housing provides direct access to both joints, enabling rapid pre-operation checks while maintaining high operational reliability. Technicians can assess joint condition quickly, supporting continuous, reliable operation.

Key Features

  • Compact Footprint: Fits truck-mounted mobile units, skid-mounted systems, and factory installations.
  • Flexible Drive Options: Compact hydraulic drive or electric drive configurations.
  • Hydraulic Efficiency: Low-displacement design reduces oil requirements and supports low total cost of ownership.
  • Equal Wall Stator Design: Ensures high-pressure performance in a compact footprint.
  • Material Flexibility: Stainless steel or steel housings, chrome-plated rotors, and stators in NBR, EPDM, or FKM.

Operators benefit from shorter inspection cycles, reliable dosing, seamless integration, and fast delivery through framework agreements, helping to maintain uptime in critical rock blasting processes.

Applications – Optimized for Rock Blasting

BN pumps with SJA are designed for mining, tunneling, quarrying, civil works, dam construction, and other sectors requiring precise handling of abrasive or chemical media. They provide robust performance while enabling fast, reliable inspection and maintenance.With SJA, operators can quickly access both joints without disassembly, ensuring emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently. This reduces downtime, preserves product integrity, and supports uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.

With the Smart Joint Access inspection opening, operators can quickly access and assess the condition of both joints without disassembly, enabling immediate verification of pump readiness prior to blast hole loading. This allows operators to confirm that emulsions are transferred accurately and consistently, protecting personnel, minimizing product degradation, and maintaining uniform dosing across multiple bore holes.

The combination of equal wall stator design, compact integration, flexible drives, and progressive cavity pump technology ensures continuous, reliable operation even in space-limited, high-pressure environments.

From Inspection to Operation

A leading explosives provider implemented BN pumps with SJA in open pit and underground operations. By replacing legacy pumps, inspection cycles were significantly shortened, allowing crews to complete pre-operation checks and return mobile units to productive work faster. Direct joint access through SJA enabled immediate verification, consistent emulsion dosing, and reduced downtime caused by joint-related deviations.

“The inspection opening gives immediate confidence that each joint is secure before proceeding to bore holes,” said a site technician. “It allows us to act quickly, keeping blasting schedules on track.”

Framework agreements ensured rapid pump supply and minimal downtime, supporting multi-site operations across continents

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Concrete

Digital process control is transforming grinding

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Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, delves into how digital intelligence is transforming cement grinding into a predictive, stable, and energy-efficient operation.

Grinding sits at the heart of cement manufacturing, accounting for the largest share of electrical energy consumption. In this interview, Satish Maheshwari, Chief Manufacturing Officer, Shree Cement, explains how advanced grinding technologies, data-driven optimisation and process intelligence are transforming mill performance, reducing power consumption and supporting the industry’s decarbonisation goals.

How has the grinding process evolved in Indian cement plants to meet rising efficiency and sustainability expectations?
Over the past decade, Indian cement plants have seen a clear evolution in grinding technology, moving from conventional open-circuit ball mills to high-efficiency closed-circuit systems, Roller Press–Ball Mill combinations and Vertical Roller Mills (VRMs). This shift has been supported by advances in separator design, improved wear-resistant materials, and the growing use of digital process automation. As a result, grinding units today operate as highly controlled manufacturing systems where real-time data, process intelligence and efficient separation work together to deliver stable and predictable performance.
From a sustainability perspective, these developments directly reduce specific power consumption, improve equipment reliability and lower the carbon footprint per tonne of cement produced.

How critical is grinding optimisation in reducing specific power consumption across ball mills and VRMs?
Grinding is the largest consumer of electrical energy in a cement plant, which makes optimisation one of the most effective levers for improving energy efficiency. In ball mill systems, optimisation through correct media selection, charge design, diaphragm configuration, ventilation management and separator tuning can typically deliver power savings of 5 per cent to 8 per cent. In VRMs, fine-tuning airflow balance, grinding pressure, nozzle ring settings, and circulating load can unlock energy reductions in the range of 8 per cent to 12 per cent. Across both systems, sustained operation under stable conditions is critical. Consistency in mill loading and operating parameters improves quality control, reduces wear, and enables long-term energy efficiency, making stability a key operational KPI.

What challenges arise in maintaining consistent cement quality when using alternative raw materials and blended compositions?
The increased use of alternative raw materials and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) introduces variability in chemistry, moisture, hardness, and loss on ignition. This variability makes it more challenging to maintain consistent fineness, particle size distribution, throughput and downstream performance parameters such as setting time, strength development and workability.
As clinker substitution levels rise, grinding precision becomes increasingly important. Even small improvements in consistency enable higher SCM utilisation without compromising cement performance.
Addressing these challenges requires stronger feed homogenisation, real-time quality monitoring and dynamic adjustment of grinding parameters so that output quality remains stable despite changing input characteristics.

How is digital process control changing the way grinding performance is optimised?
Digital process control is transforming grinding from an operator-dependent activity into a predictive, model-driven operation. Technologies such as online particle size and residue analysers, AI-based optimisation platforms, digital twins for VRMs and Roller Press systems, and advanced process control solutions are redefining how performance is managed.
At the same time, workforce roles are evolving. Operators are increasingly focused on interpreting data trends through digital dashboards and responding proactively rather than relying on manual interventions. Together, these tools improve mill stability, enable faster response to disturbances, maintain consistent fineness, and reduce specific energy consumption while minimising manual effort.

How do you see grinding technologies supporting the industry’s low-clinker and decarbonisation goals?
Modern grinding technologies are central to the industry’s decarbonisation efforts. They enable higher incorporation of SCMs such as fly ash, slag, and limestone, improve particle fineness and reactivity, and reduce overall power consumption. Efficient grinding makes it possible to maintain consistent cement quality at lower clinker factors. Every improvement in energy intensity and particle engineering directly contributes to lower CO2 emissions.
As India moves toward low-carbon construction, precision grinding will remain a foundational capability for delivering sustainable, high-performance cement aligned with national and global climate objectives.

How much potential does grinding optimisation hold for immediate energy
and cost savings?
The potential for near-term savings is substantial. Without major capital investment, most plants can achieve 5 per cent to 15 per cent power reduction through measures such as improving separator efficiency, optimising ventilation, refining media grading, and fine-tuning operating parameters.
With continued capacity expansion across India, advanced optimisation tools will help ensure that productivity gains are not matched by proportional increases in energy demand. Given current power costs, this translates into direct and measurable financial benefits, making grinding optimisation one of the fastest-payback operational initiatives available to cement manufacturers today.

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Concrete

Refractory demands in our kiln have changed

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Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, points out why performance, predictability and life-cycle value now matter more than routine replacement in cement kilns.

As Indian cement plants push for higher throughput, increased alternative fuel usage and tighter shutdown cycles, refractory performance in kilns and pyro-processing systems is under growing pressure. In this interview, Radha Singh, Senior Manager (P&Q), Shree Digvijay Cement, shares how refractory demands have evolved on the ground and how smarter digital monitoring is improving kiln stability, uptime and clinker quality.

How have refractory demands changed in your kiln and pyro-processing line over the last five years?
Over the last five years, refractory demands in our kiln and pyro line have changed. Earlier, the focus was mostly on standard grades and routine shutdown-based replacement. But now, because of higher production loads, more alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) usage and greater temperature variation, the expectation from refractory has increased.
In our own case, the current kiln refractory has already completed around 1.5 years, which itself shows how much more we now rely on materials that can handle thermal shock, alkali attack and coating fluctuations. We have moved towards more stable, high-performance linings so that we don’t have to enter the kiln frequently for repairs.
Overall, the shift has been from just ‘installation and run’ to selecting refractories that give longer life, better coating behaviour and more predictable performance under tougher operating conditions.

What are the biggest refractory challenges in the preheater, calciner and cooler zones?
• Preheater: Coating instability, chloride/sulphur cycles and brick erosion.
• Calciner: AFR firing, thermal shock and alkali infiltration.
• Cooler: Severe abrasion, red-river formation and mechanical stress on linings.
Overall, the biggest challenge is maintaining lining stability under highly variable operating conditions.

How do you evaluate and select refractory partners for long-term performance?
In real plant conditions, we don’t select a refractory partner just by looking at price. First, we see their past performance in similar kilns and whether their material has actually survived our operating conditions. We also check how strong their technical support is during shutdowns, because installation quality matters as much as the material itself.
Another key point is how quickly they respond during breakdowns or hot spots. A good partner should be available on short notice. We also look at their failure analysis capability, whether they can explain why a lining failed and suggest improvements.
On top of this, we review the life they delivered in the last few campaigns, their supply reliability and their willingness to offer plant-specific custom solutions instead of generic grades. Only a partner who supports us throughout the life cycle, which includes selection, installation, monitoring and post-failure analysis, fits our long-term requirement.

Can you share a recent example where better refractory selection improved uptime or clinker quality?
Recently, we upgraded to a high-abrasion basic brick at the kiln outlet. Earlier we had frequent chipping and coating loss. With the new lining, thermal stability improved and the coating became much more stable. As a result, our shutdown interval increased and clinker quality remained more consistent. It had a direct impact on our uptime.

How is increased AFR use affecting refractory behaviour?
Increased AFR use is definitely putting more stress on the refractory. The biggest issue we see daily is the rise in chlorine, alkalis and volatiles, which directly attack the lining, especially in the calciner and kiln inlet. AFR firing is also not as stable as conventional fuel, so we face frequent temperature fluctuations, which cause more thermal shock and small cracks in the lining.
Another real problem is coating instability. Some days the coating builds too fast, other days it suddenly drops, and both conditions impact refractory life. We also notice more dust circulation and buildup inside the calciner whenever the AFR mix changes, which again increases erosion.
Because of these practical issues, we have started relying more on alkali-resistant, low-porosity and better thermal shock–resistant materials to handle the additional stress coming from AFR.

What role does digital monitoring or thermal profiling play in your refractory strategy?
Digital tools like kiln shell scanners, IR imaging and thermal profiling help us detect weakening areas much earlier. This reduces unplanned shutdowns, helps identify hotspots accurately and allows us to replace only the critical sections. Overall, our maintenance has shifted from reactive to predictive, improving lining life significantly.

How do you balance cost, durability and installation speed during refractory shutdowns?
We focus on three points:
• Material quality that suits our thermal profile and chemistry.
• Installation speed, in fast turnarounds, we prefer monolithic.
• Life-cycle cost—the cheapest material is not the most economical. We look at durability, future downtime and total cost of ownership.
This balance ensures reliable performance without unnecessary expenditure.

What refractory or pyro-processing innovations could transform Indian cement operations?
Some promising developments include:
• High-performance, low-porosity and nano-bonded refractories
• Precast modular linings to drastically reduce shutdown time
• AI-driven kiln thermal analytics
• Advanced coating management solutions
• More AFR-compatible refractory mixes

These innovations can significantly improve kiln stability, efficiency and maintenance planning across the industry.

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